Nat Commun:新型AI血液检测技术精准识别肺癌

2021-08-23 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

肺癌,是全世界死亡人数最多的癌症,据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究署(IARC)发布的2020年全球最新癌症负担数据,2020年全世界约有180万人死于癌症,占据癌症死亡总数的18%。

肺癌,是全世界死亡人数最多的癌症,据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究署(IARC)发布的2020年全球最新癌症负担数据,2020年全世界约有180万人死于癌症,占据癌症死亡总数的18%。

近年来,肺癌发病率逐年增加,而且许多患者诊断时已是晚期,进一步导致了生存率降低。尽管使用胸部低剂量计算机断层扫描(LDCT)进行肺癌筛查可降低高危人群的死亡率,但 LDCT 有辐射,而且假阳性率也很高。

因此,迫切需要开发新的方法对高风险个体和普通人群进行癌症筛查。用于肺癌早期检测的生物标志物(蛋白质、抗体、基因表达谱、miRNA等)开发在筛查以及在胸部成像上区分癌症和非癌性肺结节方面具有广泛的临床应用,但目前还没有被批准用于临床。

液体活检分析已经确定了外周血 cfDNA 片段中与癌症相关的特征,并为癌症的无创检测提供了新的途径。循环肿瘤 DNA(ctDNA)中的突变或甲基化可以在早期肺癌患者中直接检测到,但也可能会遗漏许多癌症患者,并且可能还需要对白细胞进行测序以消除克隆造血引起的变化。

2021年8月20日,翰霍普金斯大学医学院等单位的研究人员在 Nature Communications 期刊发表了题为:Detection and characterization of lung cancer using cell-free DNA fragmentomes 的研究文章。

在一项对 365 名有肺癌风险的个体的前瞻性研究中,研究人员使用机器学习模型通过 cfDNA 片段的全基因组分析来检测肿瘤衍生的 cfDNA,检测到了 94% 的跨分期和亚型的癌症患者,特异性为 80% 。此外,该方法能够以高准确度区分小细胞肺癌患者和非小细胞肺癌患者,为肺癌的非侵入性检测提供了一种简便的途径。

研究团队先前开发了一种以全基因组技术来分析 cfDNA 片段化图谱的方法--DELFI(用于早期拦截片段的 DNA 评估)。DELFI提供了 cfDNA“片段组”的视图,具有识别循环中大量肿瘤衍生变化的潜力。

首先,研究团队检查了来自哥本哈根某医院(LUCAS 队列)的 365 个人的血液样本。该队列包括患有恶性和良性肺结节的患者以及非癌症个体。他们使用 DELFI 方法检查了473个具有高可映射性的非重叠区域,每个区域包含约 80,000 个片段,并跨越大约 2.4 GB基因组的。

由此产生的片段化图谱在非癌症个体中非常一致,包括那些具有非恶性肺结节的个体。相比之下,癌症患者表现出广泛的全基因组变异。接下来,他们进行了主成分分析 (PCA) 以识别片段化特征的线性组合。然后,他们将此降维步骤合并到机器学习模型中,为每个人生成一个分数(DELFI 分数)。

接下来,研究团队检查了 DELFI 分数与癌症分期和组织学之间的关系。虽然非癌症个体的 DELFI 评分较低,但癌症患者的 DELFI 评分中位数明显较高。识别癌症患者敏感性和特异性的曲线下面积(AUC)为 0.90。I 期癌症更难识别,但 II、III 和 IV 期癌症具有相似的高性能。

对该组中被认为具有肺癌高风险的个体子集的分析显示总体 AUC 为 0.94。对肺癌不同组织学亚型的分析表明,小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和鳞状细胞肺癌(SCC)比肺腺癌更容易检测到。总体而言,这些分析表明 DELFI 方法可推广到不同的肺癌队列,包括不同的阶段和组织学亚型。

随后,研究团队评估了全基因组片段化图谱是否可用于非侵入性地区分这些癌症类型。他们利用来自TCGA 的RNA-seq 数据鉴定了ASCL1作为差异表达最高的基因。他们使用 ASCL1 结合区域中的片段信息创建了一个分类器,可用于准确检测 11 个 SCLC 中的 10 个(灵敏度为 91%)与 158 个非癌症个体(特异性 > 99%)。此外,将SCLC 患者与其他无 SCLC 的 DELFI 阳性病例相比,具有较高的准确性(100% 敏感性,95% 特异性)。这些发现表明片段化图谱可以反映细胞类型特异性的全基因组转录因子结合,并为区分具有不同组织学亚型的肺癌提供了一种非侵入性方法。

最后,研究团队检查了 DELFI 方法或DELFI/LDCT 联合方法的性能。对 LUCAS 队列中单独 LDCT 的性能分析显示出高灵敏度和低特异性。在使用 DELFI 评分对患者进行预筛选,并且仅通过 LDCT 进一步评估阳性患者的模型中,观察到的 DELFI/LDCT 联合方法的敏感性为 90% ,特异性增加至 80%。在对100,000 名高风险个体的诊断中,联合方法不仅显着提高了肺癌的检出率,而且还提高了检测的准确性。这些分析表明,使用高灵敏度的基于血液的早期检测测试作为 LDCT 检测肺癌的预筛选具有显着的全人群益处。

总的来说,这项工作介绍了一种改进的 DELFI 方法,用于检测肺癌的全基因组片段化分析。该方法可用于预筛选肺癌的高危人群,以增加肺癌检测的可及性,并减少不必要的后续成像程序和侵入性活检。

原始出处:

Mathios, D., Johansen, J.S., Cristiano, S. et al. Detection and characterization of lung cancer using cell-free DNA fragmentomes. Nat Commun 12, 5060 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24994-w.

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    2021-10-16 liye789132251
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