CHEERS 2022刷亮卫生经济学评价金标准

2022-05-22 胡善联 医药经济报

CHEERS 2022重磅登场

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CHEERS 2022重磅登场

历经九年才更新的第二版综合卫生经济评价报告标准(consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards, 简称CHEERS 2022)终于来了!CHEERS由ISPOR在2013年发布第一版,是全球最具影响力的卫生经济学评价报告标准。全文下载:卫生经济学评估报告规范(CHEERS 2022),以及解释文件下载:卫生经济学报告规范CHEERS 2022的解释

CHEERS 2022的发布具有重要意义。它将成为卫生经济学新的标准指南和方法学的评价工具,包括早期研究设计、辅助系统回顾和荟萃分析调查的金标准(preferred reporting items for systematic reviews & meta-analyses, 简称PRISMA)、确定价值意义、发展分布性成本效果分析方法,用于决策分析以及增加研究的透明度,让患者及一般公众参与到卫生服务和政策的研究中。

对于支付方和HAT评价机构而言,可以提高发表卫生经济学评价报告的质量;对大学教师和学生来讲,提供卫生经济学评价的教学工具,有助论文的撰写;还能为出版商及杂志编辑提供高质量卫生经济学论文质量的评判标准,为研究工作者提供撰写经济学评价报告的模板。

本文解读CHEERS 2022的主要内容,并参考加强卫生研究质量和透明度网络的指南(EQUATOR),以期提高我国HTA和药物经济学研究报告的质量,提高卫生和医保决策的透明度。

新增内容切中短板

以往,健康干预的经济学评价中有很多不足之处。比如,往往忽视成本效益分析、忽视研究方法学的质量、忽视经济学评价的角度以及成本效益的分类、忽视增加寿命年相关的卫生保健成本、忽视公平性和分布效果,以及忽视评价中的不同相关利益方(尤其是患者和社会公众)。

所以,新版CHEERS 2022报告的内容包含了28项清单目录,可用于模型法决策分析、真实世界研究、临床试验评价等经济学评价(见表1)。与2013年版本相比,2022版更关注研究的角度(study perspective),着重于结果测量和价值(measurement & valuation of preference-based outcomes) 以及资源和成本估计。

新增的4项内容为:1.卫生经济学分析计划,强调科研过程的透明化;2.提出分布性成本效果结果(distributional cost-effectiveness)和健康公平性的新概念;3.注重患者参与的研究方法(包括利益相关部门、患者、社会公众);4.关注患者参与的研究效果。

解惑几个重点问题

1、参比药物(comparators)

参比药物包括“安慰剂”“现行治疗方法”或“最具成本效益的替代疗法”,研究者应该描述为什么选择特定的参比药物,列出所有可能相关的参比药物,并解释为什么没有考虑使用一个更通用、价格更低或更有效的参比药物。

模型法的评价可以评估更广泛的参比药物,重要的是描述研究干预相关的特点, 包括治疗的强度或频率、药物剂量疗程、途径以及注射时间。

在报告复杂的干预措施的经济学评价时,应特别考虑到交互作用,详细说明干预措施各个要素的复杂性和差异性,以便全面了解干预措施是如何实施的。可用路径图来描述干预,比如TIDieR检查表(temple for intervention description and replication checklist)和CReDECI 2指南(Criteria for reporting of the development and evaluation of complex interventions in healthcare: revised guideline)。

2、主要结果总结 (第23项)

作者应报告每个参照物组费用的平均值(包括总费用)以及主要结果的数值,对成本和结果贴现的敏感程度,潜在异质的影响(如报告不同亚组人群的平均成本和效果),以帮助理解不同的影响。如使用分布假设,应将加权和未加权的结果都显示出来;还可报告一些总的测量结果,如增量成本效果比值、成本效益比值、净健康/货币效益结果等。

在干预措施占绝对优势的情况下,还应报告负增量成本效益比,净健康效益/净货币效益的估计数需要有相关的成本效果阈值。成本效果图有助于了解干预措施在多大程度上占优。

3、结果的不确定性

不确定性可用数量的不确定间隔来描述。应报告选择的贴现率和时间范围,尽可能使用数字和数据来描述不确定性对结构或方法选择的影响。例如外推法,如果进行确定性分析,则应使用旋风图(Tornado diagram)。如果适当,应使用每项干预措施可区分点、成本效果平面散点图和伴随的成本效果可接受性曲线进行验证分析。

4、DCEA成未来方向

在经济评价研究中,分布性成本效果分析(distributional cost-effective analysis, 简称DCEA)提供关于成本和效果分布的公平性以及总成本和效果的效率信息,是卫生经济学评价很重要的未来研究方向。它将健康不公平问题纳入卫生相关干预措施的经济学评价的分析框架,以弥补传统的成本效果分析CEA无法回答“干预措施对健康不公平是否有所改善”的缺陷。

分布性成本效果分析可以根据与公平相关的社会变量(如社会经济地位、种族、地区) 和疾病类别变量(如疾病严重程度、罕见性、致残性),提供哪些人获益最多、哪些人承担最大负担(机会成本)的分布细节。它还可以使用各种形式的“公平性加权”(equity weighting)来分析公平与效率之间的权衡(trade-offs),减少健康的不公平性。

分布性成本效果分析的优点是,可扩大经济学评价方法,在改善总体健康与减少健康不公平性之间进行权衡分析,为卫生部门决策者提供设计干预措施的优先重点,减少健康的不公平性。DCEA可用于对治疗和预防措施、健康促进、筛查、疫苗接种、病例发现、慢性病的初级和二级预防的评价。

Dawkins等人2018年曾在埃塞俄比亚研究轮状病毒疫苗接种后的分布性成本效果分析,证明投入附加资源倾向于贫困者的改进免疫方案比原先标准免疫方案对贫困者更有成本效果,每个健康调整生命年的成本(cost per HALY)阈值只需69美元。利用DCEA的结果促进决策者对轮状病毒疫苗成本效果和健康公平性的权衡, 以及在改善总体健康和减少健康的社会不平等之间做出选择。

总之,DCEA是值得进一步研究的方向,能为政策决策者提供更好的决策信息。

后记

CHEERS 2022的应用有助于提高卫生技术评估和药物经济学评价报告的质量。国家卫生健康委员会中国卫生和发展研究中心肖月研究员团队受BMJ杂志和CHEERS工作组的委托,已完成了2022版CHEERS共识的翻译稿,并经赵琨教授等专家审阅,可供读者们参考。

链接:

Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S; CHEERS 2022 ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force.Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations.Clin Ther. 2022 Feb;44(2):158-168. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.01.011

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    2022-12-26 anminleiryan
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    2023-04-28 zexyw01
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    2022-05-24 huagfeg

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