Nature:全球变暖怎么办?复旦大学王戎团队发现使用生物能源作物可能是应对气候和粮食的关键

2022-09-08 iNature iNature

该研究结果表明,气候变化的负面影响会降低作物产量,从而降低 BECCS 的能力,导致全球气温上升超过 2 °C并威胁粮食安全。达到气候变暖阈值后,BECCS 的容量可能会迅速下降。

将全球变暖限制在 2°C 以内的减缓行动可能依赖于大量生物质供应,使用具有碳捕获和储存(bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, BECCS)的大规模生物能源,未来预计将显著扩大规模。然而,气候变化对作物产量的不利影响可能会降低 BECCS 的能力并威胁粮食安全,从而形成一个未被认识的全球变暖正反馈循环。

202297日,复旦大学王戎团队在Nature 杂志在线发表题为“Delayed use of bioenergy crops might threaten climate and food security”的研究论文,该研究通过在紧凑的地球系统模型中实施作物产量对生长季节温度、大气 CO2 浓度和氮 (N) 施肥强度增加的响应,来量化这种反馈的强度。

超过气候变化的阈值会危及气候稳定并威胁粮食安全,从而导致社会生态系统发生变革性变化。这种失败的风险是由于对粮食的持续需求而扩大,导致农田扩张或氮肥强化,以弥补气候引起的产量损失。该研究结果加强了早期缓解的紧迫性,最好是到 2040 年,以避免不可逆转的气候变化和严重的粮食危机。

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负责全球 97% 人为温室气体排放的 191 个缔约方已加入《巴黎协定》,目标是在本世纪将全球变暖限制在 2°C,同时努力将升温控制在 1.5°C 以内。2021 年的全球变暖将比 1850-1900 年的平均值高出 1.2°C。实现国家自主将升温限制在略低于 2°C,这需要在当前十年内大幅减少排放量。

尽管如此,许多缓解情景假设气候变化可以通过碳捕获和储存(BECCS)等负排放技术来缓解,BECCS 将在本世纪下半叶部署,以从技术进步中受益。然而,BECCS 的大规模部署面临生物物理、技术和社会挑战。美国、欧盟和中国是三个最大的二氧化碳 (CO2) 排放国,其目标是到 2050 年或 2060 年实现碳 (C) 中和。

预计通过大力减少化石燃料的二氧化碳排放来减缓气候变化,但在将全球变暖限制在 2°C 的大多数情景中,需要在全球范围内采用大规模的负排放技术。将燃煤电厂改造为 BECCS,通过使用木质纤维素能源作物或残留物的生物质发电并从大气中去除二氧化碳来替代化石燃料,在综合评估模型 (Integrated assessment models, IAMs) 中被认为是一种具有成本效益的选择。

由于发展中国家的人口和粮食需求都在增加,将农作物残茬转移到 BECCS 将减少新的专用能源作物与粮食生产对土地、化肥和水等资源的竞争。然而,如果推迟强有力的减缓行动,由于气候变暖的不利影响,未来的作物产量可能会下降,从而降低 BECCS 的减缓能力。

该研究研究了如何通过大规模 BECCS 实现有效的的缓解措施以实现气候和粮食目标。研究人员在一组情景中量化了气候变化对作物产量的影响,在这些情景中,从 2030 年到 2100 年的每个十年开始,全球大规模减缓行动开始。当减缓行动开始时,假设政策会从基线减少化石排放共享社会经济途径(Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, SSP5-8.5 的情景到 SSP2-4.5 的低排放情景,而 BECCS 在全球范围内使用农业残留物进行部署。

图片

依赖农业残余物作为生物能源的社会生态系统对大规模 BECCS 减缓延迟的反应(图源自Nature 

该研究假设,从森林或边缘土地转变为农田的土地面积和施氮强度取决于 2030 年的粮食需求(例如,更高的粮食需求会导致更多的土地从森林或边缘土地转变为农田)。研究人员根据全球作物日历数据(方法)按国家/地区估算了玉米、水稻和小麦的平均生长季节温度。并考虑了这样一种情景,即从森林和边际土地扩展的农田的一半用于种植新能源作物,另一半用于种植粮食作物,残留物用于 BECCS

由于技术提高了作物产量,考虑了两种情况:(1)全球氮利用效率将提高和(2)生长期提前或推迟一个月以提高各国的作物产量。那么到 2200 年,人均卡路里将增加 11%,全球变暖将减少 0.3°C。假设人类可以通过平衡施肥、改善用水和开发作物新品种来缓和氮肥使用量的增加并实现更好的氮利用效率(通过作物吸收更多的氮并从施氮中获得更多收益),技术将进一步缓解粮食短缺,提高BECCS的能力。

总的来说,该研究结果表明,气候变化的负面影响会降低作物产量,从而降低 BECCS 的能力,导致全球气温上升超过 2°C并威胁粮食安全。达到气候变暖阈值后,BECCS 的容量可能会迅速下降。

这里模拟的气候变暖阈值发生在 2050 年左右,当全球变暖超过 2.5°C 时,是低于气候系统中许多已知的临界点,这些临界点会导致巴黎目标的失败,例如触发格陵兰冰盖的融化或大西洋温盐环流的崩溃。因此,全面考虑到这些反馈可以提高我们对食物-气候-能源关系的理解,并在早期部署战略以加强缓解,这对实现巴黎目标极为重要。

原文链接:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05055-8

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    2023-01-31 liye789132251
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1798573, encodeId=7f791e9857341, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8f69442a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物能源#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69442, encryptionId=ce8f69442a0, topicName=生物能源)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Tue Aug 08 08:51:19 CST 2023, time=2023-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1886020, encodeId=ba421886020f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 31 08:51:19 CST 2023, time=2023-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1809990, encodeId=0c9218099909b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=acf2842e0ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#能源作物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84270, encryptionId=acf2842e0ff, topicName=能源作物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Wed Jun 21 21:51:19 CST 2023, time=2023-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538661, encodeId=c096153866116, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=751e42660f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复旦#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42660, encryptionId=751e42660f1, topicName=复旦)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e6c312994908, createdName=saikp, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 05:51:19 CST 2022, time=2022-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056459, encodeId=48eb20564590d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=345b69441fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69441, encryptionId=345b69441fb, topicName=生物能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a57b78, createdName=朱睿睿, createdTime=Tue Oct 18 06:51:19 CST 2022, time=2022-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1248024, encodeId=d6a1124802438, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7cf29511d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全球变暖#</a>怎么办?复旦大学王戎团队发现使用生物能源作物可能是应对<a href='/topic/show?id=895963e69c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#气候#</a>和<a href='/topic/show?id=9802e6345d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粮食#</a>的关键。但是,在医学上,还有更多的顾忌。 1、随着南北极解冻,很多古老的<a href='/topic/show?id=6d38e806886' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细菌#</a>和<a href='/topic/show?id=ac7ae089153' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#病毒#</a>被解封,会不会造成更多的流行疾病; 2、<a href='/topic/show?id=f946104689d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高温天气#</a>会带来更多的<a href='/topic/show?id=37af6e189df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#热射病#</a>、以及与热相关的各类疾病的发生; 3、高温天气会带来人的<a href='/topic/show?id=fdfa51115eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心理#</a>的变化,未来<a href='/topic/show?id=9df0e656727' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精神类疾病#</a>也会不断增加。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29511, encryptionId=e7cf29511d0, topicName=全球变暖), TopicDto(id=63769, encryptionId=895963e69c7, topicName=气候), TopicDto(id=76345, encryptionId=9802e6345d8, topicName=粮食), TopicDto(id=78068, encryptionId=6d38e806886, topicName=细菌), TopicDto(id=70891, encryptionId=ac7ae089153, topicName=病毒), TopicDto(id=104689, encryptionId=f946104689d7, topicName=高温天气), TopicDto(id=67189, encryptionId=37af6e189df, topicName=热射病), TopicDto(id=51115, encryptionId=fdfa51115eb, topicName=心理), TopicDto(id=76567, encryptionId=9df0e656727, topicName=精神类疾病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Fri Sep 09 03:43:49 CST 2022, time=2022-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1798573, encodeId=7f791e9857341, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8f69442a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物能源#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69442, encryptionId=ce8f69442a0, topicName=生物能源)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ee4187, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Tue Aug 08 08:51:19 CST 2023, time=2023-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1886020, encodeId=ba421886020f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jan 31 08:51:19 CST 2023, time=2023-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1809990, encodeId=0c9218099909b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=acf2842e0ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#能源作物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84270, encryptionId=acf2842e0ff, topicName=能源作物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Wed Jun 21 21:51:19 CST 2023, time=2023-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538661, encodeId=c096153866116, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=751e42660f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复旦#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42660, encryptionId=751e42660f1, topicName=复旦)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e6c312994908, createdName=saikp, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 05:51:19 CST 2022, time=2022-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056459, encodeId=48eb20564590d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=345b69441fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69441, encryptionId=345b69441fb, topicName=生物能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a57b78, createdName=朱睿睿, createdTime=Tue Oct 18 06:51:19 CST 2022, time=2022-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1248024, encodeId=d6a1124802438, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7cf29511d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#全球变暖#</a>怎么办?复旦大学王戎团队发现使用生物能源作物可能是应对<a href='/topic/show?id=895963e69c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#气候#</a>和<a href='/topic/show?id=9802e6345d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粮食#</a>的关键。但是,在医学上,还有更多的顾忌。 1、随着南北极解冻,很多古老的<a href='/topic/show?id=6d38e806886' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细菌#</a>和<a href='/topic/show?id=ac7ae089153' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#病毒#</a>被解封,会不会造成更多的流行疾病; 2、<a href='/topic/show?id=f946104689d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高温天气#</a>会带来更多的<a href='/topic/show?id=37af6e189df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#热射病#</a>、以及与热相关的各类疾病的发生; 3、高温天气会带来人的<a href='/topic/show?id=fdfa51115eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心理#</a>的变化,未来<a href='/topic/show?id=9df0e656727' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精神类疾病#</a>也会不断增加。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29511, encryptionId=e7cf29511d0, topicName=全球变暖), TopicDto(id=63769, encryptionId=895963e69c7, topicName=气候), TopicDto(id=76345, encryptionId=9802e6345d8, topicName=粮食), TopicDto(id=78068, encryptionId=6d38e806886, topicName=细菌), TopicDto(id=70891, encryptionId=ac7ae089153, topicName=病毒), TopicDto(id=104689, encryptionId=f946104689d7, topicName=高温天气), TopicDto(id=67189, encryptionId=37af6e189df, topicName=热射病), TopicDto(id=51115, encryptionId=fdfa51115eb, topicName=心理), TopicDto(id=76567, encryptionId=9df0e656727, topicName=精神类疾病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/Random/55971dc507c93968175ce7cc1e177b372a83869f.jpg, createdBy=f63e4754896, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Fri Sep 09 03:43:49 CST 2022, time=2022-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-09-10 saikp
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    2022-09-09 小小医者

    #全球变暖#怎么办?复旦大学王戎团队发现使用生物能源作物可能是应对#气候##粮食#的关键。但是,在医学上,还有更多的顾忌。 1、随着南北极解冻,很多古老的#细菌##病毒#被解封,会不会造成更多的流行疾病; 2、#高温天气#会带来更多的#热射病#、以及与热相关的各类疾病的发生; 3、高温天气会带来人的#心理#的变化,未来#精神类疾病#也会不断增加。

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