纤维支气管镜引导气管导管定位治疗食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘一例

2020-07-24 张玉婷 朱昌娥 杜晶慧 临床麻醉学杂志

患儿,女,出生后1d,经阴道自然分娩,出生体重2790g,Apgar评分9分。因“出生后呕吐,置入胃管困难”入院,胸部CT诊断食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘(Ⅲb型可能),术前心脏超声检

患儿,女,出生后1d,经阴道自然分娩,出生体重2790g,Apgar评分9分。因“出生后呕吐,置入胃管困难”入院,胸部CT诊断食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘(Ⅲb型可能),术前心脏超声检查提示房间隔缺损(0.7 cm)、心功能正常,拟气管插管全身麻醉下行气管食管瘘结扎和食管端端吻合术。

患儿入手术室后连接多功能监护仪监测ECG、SpO2、HR、BP和体温,面罩吸氧下患儿SpO2能够维持在95%左右。静脉注射阿托品0.01mg/kg后,采用4%七氟醚吸入诱导,FiO2 100%,氧流量4~5L/min,根据患儿呼吸幅度调节吸入七氟醚浓度,使用可视喉镜暴露声门,根据声门大小选择ID3.5mm普通气管导管插管,导管前端过声门后停止进入,将纤维支气管镜(外径2.8mm)插入气管导管使其前端位于导管前端,引导导管进入气管深部。

导管过声门后由助手按顺序给予顺式阿曲库铵0.1mg/kg、丙泊酚1mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg、芬太尼1μg/kg。在位于气管隆突上方约0.4 cm处气管后壁可见一瘘口,内有透明胃液溢出。引导导管尖端越过瘘口位于瘘口与气管隆突之间,旋转导管使导管Murphy孔在瘘管对侧并最大程度覆盖瘘口(图1),标记导管插入深度。


拔出纤维支气管镜,连接呼吸机机控呼吸,压力通气模式,PEEP4 cmH2O,RR30次/分,维持PETCO2在30~40mmHg,2%七氟醚吸入维持。手术采用左侧卧位,侧卧后纤维支气管镜检查导管位置。术中根据需要追加芬太尼每次0.5~1μg/kg。瘘管结扎完毕,行纤维支气管镜检查见瘘管结扎确切,气道无狭窄,未见血块堵塞气道、胃液反流等。患儿术中及术后未出现胃部明显扩张。术毕带气管导管送NICU。

讨论

先天性食管闭锁与气管食管瘘是一种严重的先天性畸形,通常采用Gross五型分类法,其中Ⅲb型为最常见,发病占比为86%,因表现为食管上端闭锁下端与气管相通,防止麻醉诱导及手术过程中胃过度扩张成为麻醉管理的关键问题之一。七氟醚由于对呼吸道刺激性小,可控性好和血流动力学稳定等优点,已用于新生儿吸入诱导,Ⅲb型食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘患儿采用吸入诱导可以降低胃过度扩张的发生。

我们采用浓度为4%七氟醚开始吸入诱导,并根据患儿呼吸幅度调节吸入七氟醚浓度,使患儿保留自主呼吸,插管后患儿上腹部未见明显膨隆。Ⅲb型食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘患儿气管导管放置位置尤为关键,理想位置应该是导管尖端越过瘘口并靠近隆突,有作者报道先将导管插入一侧总支气管,边监听肺呼吸音,边向外拔导管,待两侧肺呼吸音对称后再拔出1~1.5 cm,并观察控制呼吸时胃是否有充气的方法确定导管位置,虽然也能取得较好的效果,但仍存在不确定性。纤维支气管镜由于可视和操作便捷等特点已报道用于气管导管定位。

Deanovic等认为食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘患儿使用纤维支气管镜辅助插管可以及时发现瘘口并防止气管导管误入瘘管,同时可以检查气管是否存在其他畸形等。我们在纤维支气管镜引导下进行气管导管定位,并在可视下通过旋转气管导管使导管Murphy孔远离瘘口,防止气体自导管Murphy孔进入瘘管。

在体位变动及瘘管结扎后,再次使用纤维支气管镜检查导管位置及手术效果,该患儿在术中及术后未出现胃部明显扩张。也有学者建议采用导管封堵瘘管以减少胃部扩张,Papoff等报道了在纤维支气管镜下将脐血管导管插入瘘管减少气体进入胃内,出现胃部胀气时通过该导管将气体吸出,在一定程度上可以缓解胃扩张。

原始出处:

张玉婷,朱昌娥,杜晶慧,姜燕,魏嵘.纤维支气管镜引导气管导管定位治疗食管闭锁伴气管食管瘘一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019(08):832.

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    2020-10-28 mei531
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    2020-09-02 12346c4dm64暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2020-07-26 zhouqu_8

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