医用臭氧治疗膝骨性关节炎安全性的研究进展

2017-01-04 倪高荣 张小梅,昆明医科大学第一附属医院疼痛科 中国疼痛医学杂志

膝骨性关节炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是临床常见的退行性骨关节病,由多种病因引起,是涉及关节软骨、滑膜、软骨下骨、韧带、关节囊的整个关节的疾病。随着人口老龄化的加快其发病率也逐年上升,与之伴随的经济负担与住院率也相应增加,膝骨性关节炎已悄然跻身冠心病、高血压、糖尿病等具有终身风险的慢性疾病一列。 目前的主要治疗方法有物理治疗、药物治疗及手术治疗。医用

骨性关节炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是临床常见的退行性骨关节病,由多种病因引起,是涉及关节软骨、滑膜、软骨下骨、韧带、关节囊的整个关节的疾病。随着人口老龄化的加快其发病率也逐年上升,与之伴随的经济负担与住院率也相应增加,膝骨性关节炎已悄然跻身冠心病、高血压糖尿病等具有终身风险的慢性疾病一列。

目前的主要治疗方法有物理治疗、药物治疗及手术治疗。医用臭氧具有操作简单、损伤小、成本低、见效快等优点而受到关注,目前被广泛运用于临床,但是同样有报道提示臭氧具有神经毒性作用及升高关节液中基质金属蛋白酶13(matrix metro politanate13,MMP-13)从而引起关节软骨损伤的作用。

基于医用臭氧很好的临床实用性,近年来国内外对关节腔注射臭氧治疗膝骨性关节炎的机制进行了广泛的研究。目前国内已将臭氧膝关节腔注射治疗膝骨性关节炎普遍用于临床并取得了不错的疗效。本文综述了臭氧关节腔注射治疗膝骨性关节炎过程中可能出现的安全性问题并发现臭氧联合玻璃酸钠关节腔注射能够优化治疗效果。

1.关节腔注射臭氧治疗膝骨性关节炎的机制

膝骨性关节炎是骨关节炎的常见疾病,好发于中老年人,临床上以关节疼痛肿胀、僵硬、活动受限,高致残率为突出表现。其发病与遗传、年龄、体重、性别、种族、外伤手术史等危险因素相关。查磊等、姜鹏等报道了关节腔注射臭氧治疗膝骨性关节炎的可能机制。

(1)镇痛:抑制缓激肽的释放和抑制炎性介质PGS的合成,减轻疼痛;直接作用于神经末梢,并刺激抑制中间神经元释放脑啡肽等物质,达到镇痛的作用。(2)抗炎及抑制免疫性反应:通过降低IL-1、IL-12、TNF-α等炎性因子的表达调控相应炎性因子所介导的信号通路和通过氧自由基激活人体的抗氧化酶系统,以及减缓或不同程度阻断异常的自身免疫性疾病,减低非特异性炎症反应,消除受累神经根的免疫炎症反应。(3)调节关节软骨的合成与降解的平衡:通过改变关节腔内的内环境,从而促进关节软骨的修复再生,延缓关节退行速度。

2.关节腔注射臭氧治疗膝骨性关节炎可引起的不良反应

(1)关节腔注射臭氧可引起基质金属蛋白酶13(MMP-13)的升高,从而加重关节软骨的损害。MMP-13能够强有力的降解软骨基质的主要成分-Ⅱ型胶原,除此之外,MMP-13还可降解软骨基质中的蛋白多糖、Ⅳ型和Ⅸ胶原蛋白、骨粘连蛋白及软骨基底膜聚糖,在骨性关节炎的发生发展中起到重要的作用。因此,MMP-13可以作为关节软骨损害的一个重要指标。临床上有研究提示关节腔注射臭氧可能对关节软骨有损伤,伍筱梅等将32只新西兰大白兔随机分为4组,正常对照组(N)、模型对照组(M)、低剂量臭氧组(L)和高剂量臭氧组(H),M、L、H三组在建立膝骨性关节炎模型后L组和H组分别在关节腔内注射浓度为20µg/ml、40µg/ml的医用臭氧2ml,每周两次,共四周。

治疗结束后截取胫骨内侧平台做病理学检查,结果提示L组和H组均存在软骨表面缺损,过碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)染色和甲苯胺蓝染色示基质失染情况,且L、H组较M组严重,H组较L组严重。研究提示多次关节腔注射臭氧可能对关节软骨有损伤,且随臭氧的浓度增加而加重。关节腔注射臭氧可能对关节软骨有损伤,但其是通过什么样的机制来进行的呢。基于MMP-13对于关节软骨损害的重要作用,于是出现了以MMP-13为指标的研究。乔长峰等研究指出关节腔浴法注射20µg/ml的臭氧60ml后,虽然疼痛按视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分均有降低,但患者关节液中MMP-13的含量高于治疗前的MMP-13的含量。

结果提示浓度为20µg/ml的医用臭氧膝关节腔注射后对关节软骨基质产生了损害,同时也印证了伍筱梅等的研究,关节腔注射臭氧可能通过升高基质金属蛋白酶MMP-13而导致关节软骨损伤。

(2)臭氧膝关节腔注射可导致潜在的神经毒性作用。臭氧具有的潜在神经毒性也是影响臭氧安全性的一个重要指标,并且已有相关报道指出其神经毒性可能与臭氧的强氧化性有关,臭氧依靠与分子生物反应生成活性氧(ROS)及脂质过氧化物(LPOs)从而破坏细胞膜结构和功能的完整性,并且LPOs可直接引起的氧化损伤可诱导细胞凋亡,大剂量可使细胞死亡。医用臭氧的氧化性是一把双刃剑,适当的臭氧浓度能激活机体的抗氧化系统从而清理机体的氧自由基,但是当臭氧浓度在80µg/ml以上时机体的抗氧化系统将不足以应对,从而产生过量的活性氧和脂质过氧化产物并产生明显的溶血;当臭氧浓度在10µg/ml以下时很快就被体内的抗氧化系统清除而无治疗作用。因此,要想控制臭氧的神经毒性作用,就必须得有强有力的抗氧化系统,而关节腔缺乏血管、淋巴等,没有足够的抗氧化剂的保护就使得更易受损。

3.膝关节臭氧联合用药有助于提高臭氧的安全性

玻璃酸钠膝关节腔内注射治疗膝骨性关节炎的粘弹性补充疗法的主要机制有通过减震、关节润滑、抗炎作用、关节软骨保护、蛋白多糖合成、改变软骨基质、缓解疼痛等起作用。虽然2013年AAOS膝关节骨关节炎循证医学指南指出强烈不推荐粘弹性补充疗法,但一直存在着争议。反对者指出该指南只选用了1966年至2012年5月中的218篇文献,采用的是最小临床意义变化值(minimal clinically important improvement,MCII),这就意味着只参考了有临床差异的文献,大量的、有统计学差异的文献被排除,并且不同的指南推荐级别也不相同。针对粘弹性补充疗法的争议,Marina Yiasemidou等指出其研究结果未提示有严重的不良反应发生,并且也具有一定的疗效。同时也有Meta分析对AAOS的指南表示质疑。

总的来说,目前的指南对于粘弹性补充疗法30%表示反对,30%表示在某些情况下可适当干预,40%不确定。针对这两种不同的观点,或许根据具体的实际情况对膝骨性关节炎进行个体化治疗是不错的方案。近年来也有许多的报道将臭氧与玻璃酸钠联合运用于治疗膝骨性关节炎,也取得了不错的疗效。

张家富等将臭氧联合玻璃酸钠通过膝关节腔内注射治疗膝骨性关节炎并指出其能有效解除关节疼痛、改善关节活动度,且临床疗效优于臭氧、玻璃酸钠单独使用。乔长峰等也指出臭氧联合玻璃酸钠可降低关节液中MMP-13的含量,具有一定程度的关节保护作用。同时也有许多的临床研究支持臭氧联合玻璃酸钠治疗膝骨性关节炎是安全有效的。由此也可以看出臭氧联合玻璃酸钠治疗膝骨性关节炎具有一定的可行性,通过降低单独使用臭氧对关节软骨的损害作用来提高其安全性也是一种不错的选择,但同时也需要更多的临床试验来论证。

4.展望

医用臭氧的安全性是影响臭氧在临床上应用的一个重要因素,要想其在临床上有进一步发展就必须解决这个问题。首先,影响臭氧的安全性的最主要的就是臭氧治疗浓度的选择,包括大自血疗法、关节腔注射等,因为缺乏大样本、高质量的临床研究,因此一直以来都存在较大的争议。MasaruSagai等指出不同的臭氧浓度对于治疗效果就是两个不同的结果,当臭氧浓度过高,超过了机体的抗氧化应激能力,则通过激活NFκB通路引起环氧化酶2(COX2)、前列腺素2(PEG2)及细胞因子的表达增加从而导致炎症反应及组织损伤;适当的臭氧浓度则通过激活Nrf2通路诱导抗氧化元件(ARE)转录,产生众多的抗氧化酶,如超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTr)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)等增强机体抗氧化能力而达到治疗的目的。

其次,对于医用臭氧治疗膝骨关节炎的机制有待于进一步的研究,比如说基质金属蛋白MMP-13的表达通过p38MAPK和NFκB信号通路的激活实现,而TNFα及IL-1β可激活上述两条通路;而臭氧同时具有升高MMP-13的作用及降低TNFα,IL-1β的作用,那么臭氧是否具有另外一条通路引起MMP-13的表达呢?至于提高医用臭氧膝关节注射的安全性无论是通过联合用药还是进一步明确其治疗机理及界定其用药安全浓度都仍需大家的不懈努力。

来源:中国疼痛医学杂志2016年第22卷第8期

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    2017-06-06 戒馋,懒,贪

    学习了,原来臭氧还有这样的损害

    0

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    2017-01-24 1e1d0ffbm72(暂无匿称)

    不错的综述

    0

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    2017-01-06 lmm397
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    2017-01-06 xuqianhua