Behavioural Brain Research:男性道德?性别、口服避孕药和基础睾酮水平与道德决策的关系

2021-02-21 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

一个成熟的道德决策研究方法是使用道德困境情境,在这种情境中,潜在的行为过程违反了道德或功利规则。道德规则是建立在情境独立的道德规范和是非原则的基础上的。相比之下,功利主义规则依赖于情境,基于结果,有利

一个成熟的道德决策研究方法是使用道德困境情境,在这种情境中,潜在的行为过程违反了道德或功利规则。道德规则是建立在情境独立的道德规范和是非原则的基础上的。相比之下,功利主义规则依赖于情境,基于结果,有利于整体幸福,即“更大的善”[3]。一些研究报告了男性和女性之间的差异,男性表现出更倾向于功利决定,尽管这种影响在某些情况下取决于某些两难特征(例如,个人与非个人的两难困境)。有人推测,导致男女在道德决策上潜在差异的一个关键因素可能是睾丸激素。本文除了评估内源性睾丸激素外,还调查了性的作用,以及激素避孕药的使用与道德决策的关系。

本文收集了157名年轻人(男性:71岁,25.31±4.30岁;女性:86岁,23.31±3.35岁)的道德决策数据。由于睾丸激素水平的昼夜节律变化在下午相对较小,所有决策都在13:30到17:30 h之间开始。此外,还测试了疗程时间是否对睾丸激素水平有影响。男性受试者可以选择任何一个下午进行治疗,而女性受试者的实验室预约则是根据她们的月经周期或激素避孕药的使用情况在简短的电话采访后安排的。

将康威和加沃伦斯基(Conway&Gawronski)之前所采用的道德困境翻译成德语。这一套包括两个版本的10个情景:不一致和一致的情况。在每一个情景中,参与者被要求判定一个有害行动是否适合实现一个特定的结果。在不一致情景中,这些结果总体上是有益的,而不是有害的。然而,由于它们需要一种有害的行为来实现,使得功利主义和义务论原则相互对立。相反,在平行的一致性情景中,有害行为阻止了不希望发生的事件,但最终的结果是有害的多于有益的。因此,基于功利主义原则,这种行为是不可接受的。进退两难的问题以与先前研究相同的固定随机顺序出现。参与者被要求阅读每一个情景,并指出他们认为所描述的行动方案是适当的还是不适当的。要给出答案,参与者必须用鼠标点击“是”或“否”按钮。在每一个情景之后,参与者用利克特5分量表(1分(非常容易)到5分(非常困难)对他们的决策的感知难度进行评分。

受试人员填写了一份简短的人口统计调查问卷,并提供了第一份唾液样本,供日后进行激素分析。之后,连接用于评估心电图(ECG)和皮肤电活动(EDA)的电极,并记录5分钟休息期间的心率和EDA数据.

参与者判断不一致情景中的有害行为比一致情景中的有害行为更容易接受(平均值 = 61.3%±15.31)(平均值 = 17.8%±9.96;t156 = 34.36,p < 0.001,d = 2.74)。此外,与一致性试验相比,不一致性试验的反应时间显著延长(t156 = 8.58,p < 0.001,d = 0.68),不一致性试验的决策被评为更困难(t156 = 18.95,p < 0.001,d = 1.51)。性别对不一致情景中基于结果的决策的比例有显著影响(传统得分;F1154 = 7.07,p = 0.009, = 0.044)。女性的得分较低,表明她们在不一致的情景中比男性更不经常支持有害的行为来实现“更大的利益”。对两种独立估计的潜在倾向的分析显示,男性功利主义水平较高,性别对功利主义有显著影响(F1154 = 4.77,p = 0.031, = 0.030)。内分泌状况对传统得分有显著影响,内分泌状况对义务学的影响没有达到显著性水平。

Fig. 1

睾丸激素是包括道德判断在内的几个相互关联的决策调节因子之一。它对潜在道德决定倾向的影响可能存在微妙的性别差异。在男性中,睾酮主要与义务观念减少有关,而在女性中,睾酮与功利主义增加有关。两者最终都会在行为层面上增加对有害行为的认可,尽管如此,最终还是会产生积极的结果。

Diana Armbruster, Clemens Kirschbaum, Alexander Strobel,Androgenic morality? Associations of sex, oral contraceptive use and basal testosterone levels with moral decision making,Behavioural Brain Research,2021,113196

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    2021-02-23 qjddjq
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    2021-02-23 yangshch
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    2021-02-23 carrotlyl

    吼吼

    0

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    2021-02-22 学医无涯

    思想指导激素分泌和行动闭环

    0

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