Nat Med: 基因疗法研究要常抓共管、分享共进

2021-04-22 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

基因治疗试验日益增多,但需要做更多的工作来了解与这种治疗相关的长期风险。

基因治疗试验日益增多,但需要做更多的工作来了解与这种治疗相关的长期风险。

2021年2月16日,蓝鸟生物公司暂停了其用于镰状细胞病的慢珠蛋白基因治疗的1/2期和3期临床试验,两名患者在接受治疗5年后被诊断为癌症。早在2018年底,同一试验的另一名参与者被诊断出骨髓增生异常综合征。虽然进一步的研究表明,研究中使用的慢病毒载体不太可能是癌症的原因,但这则新闻强调了人们对与基因治疗相关的晚期副作用的日益关注。基因疗法的临床应用正在迅速增加,据估计,到2025年,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)每年将批准10至20种基因疗法。这种快速批准的步伐必须与开发新的临床框架相匹配,以充分评估和管理这些新疗法潜在的延迟效应。

与基因治疗相关的安全问题并不新鲜,而且已经被高度宣传。1999年末,Jesse Gelsinger在一项治疗鸟氨酸氨基转移酶缺陷的基因治疗早期安全性试验中不幸死亡,导致该方法几乎被放弃。但FDA生物制品评估与研究中心主任Peter Marks提醒人们,不要把事情与20年前的事件相提并论。他指出,在对病毒载体的理解方面已经取得了相当大的进展,最近批准了针对神经肌肉疾病、遗传性失明和癌症等多种适应症的有前途的基因疗法。到目前为止,鉴于该领域的工作相对较多,这些疗法的安全问题报道较少,而且这些试验的结果改变了许多患有罕见和衰弱疾病的患者的生活。应该注意不要对这种新兴疗法的安全性做出过早的结论,这可能会阻碍该领域迄今为止所看到的实质性进展。

然而,尽管在处理与基因治疗相关的急性效应方面已经取得了进展,潜在的延迟效应仍然是一个值得关注的问题。大多数基因疗法都是为了在人体中达到永久或长期的效果而设计的,这本身就增加了延迟不良事件的风险。与基因治疗相关的延迟不良事件以前也有报道,如x连锁重症联合免疫缺陷的临床试验。最近对动物的长期研究表明插入诱变可能需要数年时间才能变得明显,这引起了更多的危险信号。为了充分了解和减轻延迟不良事件的风险,基因治疗试验的参与者将需要监测一段较长的时间——通常称为临床研究的“长期随访”期。

2020年,FDA更新了关于基因治疗产品延迟不良事件数据收集的长期随访研究设计指南。新的指南建议,使用整合载体和基因组编辑产品的研究至少随访患者15年,而对于腺相关病毒载体,建议至少随访5年。所有的随访研究都应该有一个专门的临床方案,其中规定了病人的探视时间表、采样计划、将用于评估病媒序列持久性的方法学、将监测的临床事件以及收集准确病例的手段。这些建议与欧盟监管机构的建议一致,即基因治疗试验也必须遵守针对先进治疗药物的良好临床实践的最新指南。

来自美国和欧盟监管机构的指导方针在建立后续时间框架和协议方面非常出色。但这些长期跟踪研究必须超越成为一种产品临床批准所必需的额外监管障碍。重要的是要根据潜在疾病和多种合并症或接触可能本身具有长期不利影响的其他药剂的可能性来考虑预期寿命。例如,蓝鸟生物公司的临床研究要求患者在进行基因治疗前接受化疗。监测治疗结果的持续性也很重要,因为目前还不清楚是否所有的治疗方法在人类中都具有相同的持续性特征。与长期随访研究相关的相当长的时间需要研究人员开发创新的随访策略,使患者参与长达15年。这可能包括使用移动医疗应用程序来改善症状的自我报告,或加强与已经与患者有密切联系的基金会的关系。

为了使这些研究的影响最大化,数据需要公开和迅速地与科学界共享。共享这些临床数据可以提高基因疗法的安全性和有效性,从而减少参与者在未来试验中暴露于可避免的危害,减少不必要的重复工作和未来研究的成本。这包括分享可能尚未获得批准的试验的负面数据或发现。有许多例子表明,如何分享二次分析产生更好的对患者治疗的安全性和有效性证据。

延迟或不完全的数据共享不仅对患者来说是一种安全风险,它也阻止研究人员建立在以前的工作上,从而减缓了对人类健康的理解进展。

2018年,因接受基因疗法治疗罕见致命脑部疾病而登上全球头条的年轻女孩Mila Makovec于今年去世。她的故事强调了基因疗法取得的进步,并为致力于将罕见遗传疾病患者的基因疗法变为现实铺平了道路。正如任何一种治疗方法的发展一样,总会有需要克服的风险和挑战。但是,现在采用一个健全的框架来了解接受基因治疗的患者的情况,从长远来看,将有助于平衡风险,并将提供有价值的见解,了解如何提高基因治疗产品的长期安全性,使大多数患者受益。

原文出处

Gene therapy needs a long-term approach. Nat Med 27, 563 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01333-6

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    2021-04-22 科研科研科研

    基因疗法

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制药公司Ocugen近日宣布,欧洲委员会(EC)已授予基因疗法OCU400“孤儿药称号”,用于治疗遗传性视网膜疾病(IRD)色素性视网膜炎和Leber先天性黑矇。