自发性食管破裂(Boerhaave综合征)

2022-09-06 华夏影像诊断中心 网络

Mackler提出呕吐、下胸痛和皮下气肿三联征是本病的典型表现,但仅见于少数病例。

男性,84岁,因急性左侧胸痛、近期腹泻呕吐而急诊来院。

他患有严重阿尔茨海默病性痴呆,住在长期护理机构。在到达急诊室时,该患者无法清晰表述病史,并且因胸痛而非常痛苦。

检查显示,锁骨上皮下气肿,肺底进气量减少。

实验室检查显示,白细胞增多(29.7×103/L)、急性肾衰竭(血尿素氮59.5 mg/dl,肌酐2.2 mg/dl)。

胸部X线片(图A)证实皮下气肿(三角箭头),并且提示双侧胸膜积液(长箭头)。胸部CT(图B)显示纵隔气肿(三角箭头)和双侧胸膜积液,左侧积液更多(长箭头)。

泛影葡胺吞咽检查(图C)显示,食管远端破裂,泛影葡胺漏至纵隔(长箭头)。上消化道内镜检查证实食管远端左后外侧壁破裂,符合Boerhaave综合征(图D),并置入1枚自膨胀覆膜支架。开始给予广谱抗生素治疗和鼻胃管饲养,行管状胸廓造口术对左侧胸膜积液引流。

初期病情有所改善,但该患者随后病情恶化,在入院后30天时死亡。

Boerhaave综合征是一种罕见的临床实体,定义为自发性食管破裂,不包括由外来异物或医源性设备引起的穿孔。这种疾病最早在1724年时由荷兰医生Herman Boerhaave描述,患者是一位海军上将,进食过量并呕吐之后发生食管破裂。这种情况的发生是由于,拉伸或呕吐导致食管内压力突然增大,伴环咽肌无法松弛。左后外侧壁嗜酸细胞性食管炎已见诸报道,多见于年轻男性,尤其当有吞咽困难病史和过敏表现时,应当考虑这一诊断的可能性。

Mackler提出呕吐、下胸痛和皮下气肿三联征是本病的典型表现,但仅见于少数病例,因此误诊较常见。重要的是,胸部放射学检查几乎均可见异常,常有胸膜积液或纵隔气肿。手术修复是决定性治疗,但对于不适宜接受手术的患者,建议采取保守治疗或内镜治疗。目前该病患者的死亡率仍高于30%,而且假如诊断延迟,死亡率会急剧上升。因此了解这种罕见疾病并早期正确诊断非常重要。

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    2021-11-07 xuqianhua
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    2021-11-07 zhouqu_8
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    2021-11-07 sodoo

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