Neurol Clin Pract:自发性肝素诱导血小板减少症致急性缺血性卒中1例

2022-01-20 杨中华 “脑血管病及重症文献导读”公众号

肝素诱导的血小板减少症是一种由血小板因子4和肝素复合物抗体引起的疾病,可导致血小板活化,引起血小板减少和血栓形成。在极少数情况下,在没有肝素暴露的情况下也会发生类似的综合征。这被称为自发性 HIT。

肝素诱导的血小板减少症Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)是一种由血小板因子4(platelet factor 4,PF4)和肝素复合物抗体引起的疾病,可导致血小板活化,引起血小板减少和血栓形成。在极少数情况下,在没有肝素暴露的情况下也会发生类似的综合征。这被称为自发性 HIT。我们报告一例以缺血性卒中为表现的自发性HIT。

54岁,男性,既往有高血压、高脂血症、2型糖尿病病史以及烟草使用史,表现为急性发作的左臂无力,NIHSS为1分,血小板计数为38000/μL。9天前患者开始发烧和喉咙痛,服用阿莫西林治疗,症状在就诊前已缓解。没有任何形式的肝素接触史。

第二天(住院第1天),病情严重恶化,发展为右侧大脑中动脉(MCA)综合征,NIHSS为19分,并被转院到我们中心考虑血管内介入治疗。到达时,CTA未发现血管闭塞。脑MRI显示右侧大脑中动脉大面积梗死,伴有瘀点(petechial)和蛛网膜下腔出血,左侧顶叶点状梗死(图)。

血小板减少最初考虑为免疫性血小板减少性紫癜,因为其他细胞系未受影响,并且未成熟血小板分数升高(提示血小板破坏而非骨髓抑制),凝血功能不提示弥散性血管内凝血(DIC),无溶血,提示血栓性血小板减少性紫癜,无提示 HIT 的肝素暴露病史。给予地塞米松和静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)2 g/kg治疗。

住院第2天,左下肢花斑。超声显示左股浅动脉和右胫骨后动脉血栓形成。血小板计数下降到19000/μL。此时,出现了与DIC有关的凝血障碍症状,包括纤维蛋白原减少(98 mg/dL)、凝血酶原时间延长(12.9秒)和D-二聚体升高(21.55 mg/L纤维蛋白原当量单位)。胸部、腹部和骨盆的CT显示右肾动脉闭塞伴右肾梗死。输注血小板和冷沉淀治疗。

住院第3天,HIT抗体回报阳性,光密度(optical density)为2.3。该抗体试验是在患者接受了IVIG后送检的,但经5-羟色胺释放试验阳性:低剂量普通肝素(0.1 U/mL)时5-羟色胺释放率为78%,高剂量(100 U/mL)时5-羟色胺释放率为0%。因为HIT的主要治疗包括服用非肝素抗凝剂,所以开始输注阿加曲班。

住院第6天,出现缺氧性呼吸衰竭,气管插管。检查发现肺栓塞(PE)、多发性深静脉血栓形成(DVT)和双侧肾上腺出血。尽管使用非肝素抗凝剂治疗,但仍有血栓事件,这引起了我们对难治性HIT的关注,所以在使用阿加曲班持续抗凝的同时,开始第二轮IVIG 2 g/kg输注。

住院第10天,血小板计数恢复正常。气管切开和胃造口置管后,开始给予华法林治疗。住院第37天出院到住院康复机构,NIHSS评分为17。

由于双侧梗死和高度提示性的临床病史,卒中病因考虑为自发性 HIT 所致。20天遥测监测未发现心律失常,经胸超声心动图未发现心内血栓、赘生物或卵圆孔未闭。

讨论

以急性缺血性卒中为表现的自发性HIT很罕见。自发性 HIT 的病例通常发生在矫形手术或感染后。推测可能是由于非肝素多阴离子底物(polyanionic substrates)(如软骨中的糖胺聚糖或革兰氏阴性细菌上的脂多糖)可引起PF4的结构变化,其作用类似于肝素诱导的结果变化,因此在没有肝素暴露的情况下触发HIT。该患者在就诊之前确实有发烧和咽炎病史,尽管没有明确的诊断。

虽然血小板减少是HIT最普遍的表现,但血栓形成也是常见的,据报道有5%–15%的患者发生DIC,并有肾上腺出血的报道。该病例包括了所有这些表现:多发性血栓(包括动脉和静脉血栓),包括右MCA梗死、双侧下肢动脉闭塞、右肾梗死、双侧肾上腺出血、多发性DVT、PE和DIC。

HIT的治疗包括杜绝所有肝素产品的暴露,使用非肝素类抗凝剂。对于严重或难治性HIT,使用IVIG。在该病例中,使用了两次IVIG,这是因为使用阿加曲班抗凝治疗后持续出现血栓形成,尽管很难知道两侧IVIG在多大程度上促进了患者的临床改善。

文献出处:

Christopher J. Becker, Amelia L. Heston, Joseph F. Carrera. Spontaneous Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Presenting as Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021 Dec;11(6):e918-e920. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001026.

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    2022-02-17 yinhl1978
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    2022-01-21 sodoo

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SCHA与比MELD-Na或儿童涡轮科特-pugh评分预测的大量额外死亡率相关,并在肝移植中一致解决,没有复发。溶血性贫血严重程度的多个参数可以独立预测更高的90天死亡率。

AJH:艾曲波帕治疗单倍体相同外周血干细胞移植后持续性血小板减少症患者

持续性血小板减少症(PT)是异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后常见的并发症,对生存率产生显著的负面影响。已发表的数据表明,PT的机制可归因于血小板生成受损、外周破坏加速或两种之间的相互作用。

Stroke:血小板减少症与脑出血患者临床结局的关系

该研究结果表明血小板减少症不影响ICH患者HE的发生率和功能结局,无论接不接受APT治疗的患者。鉴于死亡率增加,应该在将来的研究中探讨血小板输注对ICH伴血小板减少症和既往APT的重要性。

JNNP:ChAdOx1-nCoV-19疫苗诱导的以缺血性中风为表现特征免疫性血栓性血小板减少症

在编码SARS-CoV-2.1-4棘突糖蛋白的ChAdOx1 nCoV-19(牛津-阿斯利康)重组腺病毒载体疫苗之后,最近报道了一种疫苗诱导的免疫性血栓性血小板减少症(VITT)综合征。先前描述的患者

新英格兰:COVID-19疫苗诱导的血小板减少症的免疫球蛋白辅助疗法

新英格兰:阿斯利康疫苗诱导的血小板减少症的免疫球蛋白辅助疗法