Nat Commun:彻底治愈艾滋病的曙光:FDA首次批准CRISPR基因编辑治疗艾滋病人体临床试验

2021-09-22 “E药世界”公众号 “E药世界”公众号

近日,Excision BioTherapeutics宣布其基于CRISPR基因编辑技术的疗法EBT-101获得美国FDA批准,将开始进行艾滋病治疗的人体临床试验。

艾滋病(AIDS),全称是获得性免疫缺陷综合征,这是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的、危害性极大的传染病。HIV病毒可以攻击并严重破坏人体免疫系统,因此艾滋病患者常常因免疫能力不足而发生二次感染或罹患肿瘤,这也使得艾滋病患者的死亡率极高。

据联合国艾滋病规划署数据,全球范围内HIV携带者和艾滋病患者人数从2013年末的3430万人增至2018年末的3800万人,且数量仍在快速增长。

虽然,抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)的不断进步使得艾滋病患者的寿命和预后大大延长,但也会带来严重的副作用,以及出现耐药性。

更重要的是,HIV作为一种逆转录病毒,它可以将其基因组整合到宿主细胞的染色体上,这意味着当前的抗逆转录病毒疗法只能抑制病毒,无法彻底清除体内的HIV病毒,也就无法彻底治愈艾滋病。

近日,Excision BioTherapeutics宣布其基于CRISPR基因编辑技术的疗法EBT-101获得美国FDA批准,将开始进行艾滋病治疗的人体临床试验。

Excision 公司表示,现有的艾滋病标准治疗方法是抗逆转录病毒疗法,该疗法可以防止HIV病毒在体内的复制,但无法清除HIV病毒,患者需要长期持续接受治疗,会导致严重的副作用并影响患者生活质量。而基于CRISPR基因编辑技术的疗法则有望取代当前的抗逆转录病毒疗法,实现对艾滋病的“彻底治愈”。

2020年11月,美国天普大学和内布拉斯加大学医学中心的研究人员在 Nature Communications 期刊上发表研究论文。成功地在非人灵长类动物的基因组中编辑并清除了与HIV密切相关的SIV-a病毒,这在艾滋病研究中迈出了重要一步。这一突破也使得人类比以往任何时候都更接近于开发出彻底治愈艾滋病的方法。

这项研究突破已经非常接近临床研究,意味着人类已经找到了有望彻底终结艾滋病噩梦的新方法。

Excision 公司获得了天普大学的授权进行临床研究开发,如今,FDA也已经批准了其人体临床试验。

众所周知,CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑能够精准地对DNA双链进行切割,导致DNA双链断裂,基于这一原理,我们可以通过CRISPR-Cas9对已经整合到人体染色体中的HIV病毒基因组进行切割。但是,如果只切割一个位点,那么它们很容易进行修复,而且容易导致被切割位点附近发生基因变异。该疗法则使用了多次切割,以彻底打碎HIV病毒基因组,从而实现对HIV病毒的彻底清除。

此前在非人类灵长类动物中进行了测试表明,使用腺相关病毒(AAV9)载体递送的CRISPR-Cas9系统可以到达广泛到达骨髓、淋巴结、脾脏等病毒所在的组织,尤其是HIV病毒的重要宿主细胞CD4+T细胞,进而清除其中的病毒。

据了解,Excision 公司将在今年晚些时候正式启动 1/2 期临床试验。

Excision 公司致力于通过CRISPR基因编辑技术治愈病毒感染疾病,其CRISPR技术授权自诺奖得主 Jennifer Doudna。

除了基于CRISPR的艾滋病疗法之外,该公司的研发管线还包括使用CRISPR技术清除乙肝病毒(HBV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、乳头多瘤空泡病毒(JCV),以及当前仍在暴发的新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)。

Excision 公司的研发管线

除此之外,因mRNA疫苗而爆火的疫苗开发公司Moderna也于近期宣布,其开发的一种基于mRNA的实验性艾滋病疫苗被证实可以触发猴子中针对HIV样病毒的中和抗体的产生,据悉,Moderna公司的方法与以往的艾滋病疫苗不同,是通过产生针对病毒的广泛中和抗体,来防止HIV病毒进入细胞。这款基于mRNA技术的疫苗也为屡遭失败的艾滋病疫苗研究带来了新的希望。

原始出处:

Mancuso, P., Chen, C., Kaminski, R. et al. CRISPR based editing of SIV proviral DNA in ART treated non-human primates. Nat Commun 11, 6065 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19821-7.

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    2022-07-06 liuli5079
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    2022-05-26 yangpeizhi
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    2022-01-13 liye789132251
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    2021-09-24 yuandd

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世界卫生组织推荐将多替拉韦联合两种核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI)用于人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)感染的二线治疗。该治疗方案对于以下情况的疗效证据有限:因耐药而预计NRTI缺乏抗病毒活性时,以及推

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加州大学旧金山分校发表在新英格兰医学杂志 (NEJM) 上的研究显示,与普通人群相比,感染 HIV 的个体死于心源性猝死 (SCD) 的可能性是普通人群的两倍以上。