Nature重磅:AAV递送CRISPR,体内改造B细胞,产生广泛中和抗体治疗艾滋病

2022-06-22 nagashi “生物世界”公众号

据联合国艾滋病规划署数据,目前全球范围内现存HIV携带者和艾滋病患者人数高达3800万人,且数量仍在快速增长中。

艾滋病(AIDS),即获得性免疫缺陷综合征,是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染引起的危害性极大的传染病。HIV 病毒把人体免疫系统中最重要的 CD4+T 细胞作为主要攻击目标,大量破坏该细胞,经过数年、甚至长达10年或更长的潜伏期后发展成艾滋病病人,使人体丧失免疫功能,因抵抗力极度下降会出现多种感染,后期常常发生恶性肿瘤,以至全身衰竭而死亡。

在过去的几十年里,何大一等人提出的“鸡尾酒疗法”等联合治疗方案使得艾滋病成为了一种相对可控的慢性疾病,HIV 感染患者的存活时间和生活质量也得到了极大的改善。然而,这些疗法只能抑制患者体内的 HIV 病毒,而不能彻底清除,因此也就无法治愈。

据联合国艾滋病规划署数据,目前全球范围内现存HIV携带者和艾滋病患者人数高达3800万人,且数量仍在快速增长中。

近日,以色列特拉维夫大学的研究人员在 Nature Biotechnology 期刊上发表了题为:In vivo engineered B cells secrete high titers of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies in mice 的研究论文。

该研究使用两种腺相关病毒载体(AAV)同时递送 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑系统和靶向免疫球蛋白基因的修复模板,直接编辑小鼠内源 B 细胞的免疫球蛋白基因位点,有效地在体内修饰 B 细胞,使之能产生针对 HIV 病毒的中和抗体,让一次性注射治疗艾滋病成为可能。

多年以来,科学家们在治疗 HIV 感染时一直面临一个十分棘手的问题——HIV 在人体中变异迅速,极易产生耐药性。令人兴奋的是,2011年 Michel Nussenzweig 团队在一名 HIV 感染者体内分离出了一种 HIV 广泛中和抗体——3BNC117。

然而,尽管针对 HIV 的强效、广泛中和抗体(bNAb)可以保护机体免受感染,但众多的艾滋病候选疫苗的临床试验最终无一不以失败告终,这提示我们想要通过传统的免疫方法实现对 HIV 的免疫是十分困难甚至是不可能的,必须走出新的道路。

对此,如果能通过 CRISPR 技术直接编辑免疫球蛋白基因来重编程体液免疫,使之产生靶向特定病原体(如HIV病毒)的中和抗体,那将是一种里程碑式的革新。

在这项最新研究中,研究团队设计了两种重组腺相关病毒(AAV):一种编码 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑系统,包括 CMV/SFFV 启动子驱动的 SaCas9 和 U6 启动子驱动的 sgRNA;另一种编码靶向免疫球蛋白基因的 HIV-bNAb-3BNC117 同源性定向修复模板(HDRT)。

两种重组腺相关病毒递送CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统和HDRT

研究人员使用各种 HIV 包膜糖蛋白(Env)为基础的免疫原免疫小鼠,以扩大激活细胞的数量,6天后通过静脉注射将这两种重组 AAV 地送到小鼠体内。经过几次相同的 HIV-Env 增强免疫后,小鼠的血清中开始表达广泛中和抗体,并且可以中和 3BNC117 敏感的 HIV 毒株。

免疫小鼠产生3BNC117

紧接着,研究团队通过高通量测序分析了基因编辑效果。正如预期的那样,早期可在小鼠的肝脏和血液中发现 AAV 基因组的强烈富集,随着时间的推移,在肝脏中 AAV 拷贝数减少,而在免疫小鼠的淋巴结和骨髓中增加,这表明在这些组织中B细胞克隆扩增正在进行。

注射AAV后130天,在免疫小鼠的淋巴组织中发现了体内工程B细胞

研究小组还通过 CHANGE-seq 评估了脱靶编辑的程度,结果显示,95%的 Cas9 诱导的切割是靶标特异性的,并且所有主要脱靶编辑位点都位于基因间或内含子区域。

为了防止在在细胞中的脱靶编辑,研究团队等将驱动 Cas9 表达的 CMV/SFFV 启动子替换为B细胞特异性 CD19 启动子。除此之外,他们还将编码 gRNA 的元件转移到含 HDRT 的 AAV 中,这样只有同时转导了两种 AAV 的细胞才能被编辑。这种新设计在保持编辑效率和血清抗体水平的同时,显着降低了肝脏中的 Cas9 表达和非特异性切割。

脱靶切割分析显示了较高的安全性

总而言之,这项研究开发了一种实现 HIV 免疫的新方法——通过 CRISPR 技术直接编辑免疫球蛋白基因来重编程体液免疫,诱导免疫系统产生对抗 HIV 的广泛中和抗体——3BNC117,中和 3BNC117 敏感的 HIV 毒株。

研究模式图

当然,这项技术的实现还存在许多障碍:抗体滴度仍要更高、更稳定才能确保治疗效果和减少免疫接种次数;需要结合多种互补的广泛中和抗体(bNAbs)提高对 HIV 的免疫预防;在没有加强免疫的情况下,这些抗体反应是否持续尚不清楚;以及最重要的安全性问题,是否会引起不良免疫反应,是否会导致 AAV 染色体随机整合驱动的致癌事件。

尽管如此,这项研究成果仍是令人兴奋,它表明直接基因编辑B细胞从而产生特异性广泛中和抗体(bNAbs)将成为缺乏有效疫苗的传染性疾病的潜在治疗方案。研究团队表示,预计在未来几年内,将能以这种方式生产治疗艾滋病、其他传染病和某些由病毒引起的癌症(如宫颈癌、头颈癌)的药物。

原始出处:

Nahmad, A.D., Lazzarotto, C.R., Zelikson, N. et al. In vivo engineered B cells secrete high titers of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies in mice. Nat Biotechnol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01328-9.

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    2023-03-30 liye789132251
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    2022-06-23 xuqianhua
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    2022-06-23 yuandd
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1885827, encodeId=bbb5188582e3a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Mar 30 00:18:45 CST 2023, time=2023-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271889, encodeId=255812e188919, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9fef169483' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AAV#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1694, encryptionId=9fef169483, topicName=AAV)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ba7103, createdName=xuqianhua, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 09:18:45 CST 2022, time=2022-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1273437, encodeId=65ba12e343704, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=310d383ef5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#B细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3837, encryptionId=310d383ef5, topicName=B细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6eba113, createdName=xiaoyeshuang, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 09:18:45 CST 2022, time=2022-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1276201, encodeId=d9cf12e620127, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 09:18:45 CST 2022, time=2022-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1511544, encodeId=15bc1511544b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ea34916196' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#广泛中和抗体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49161, encryptionId=5ea34916196, topicName=广泛中和抗体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb4c10357319, createdName=fmq_28614556, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 09:18:45 CST 2022, time=2022-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549842, encodeId=af09154984243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 09:18:45 CST 2022, time=2022-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-06-23 xxxx1054

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