双侧颈部淡黄色小丘疹 累及胃肠道悔之晚矣

2018-11-06 赵俊英 王增芳 专家会诊中心病例讨论精选

23岁女性,双侧颈部皮肤出现淡黄色小丘疹,逐渐向周边蔓延,累及腋下及腹股沟区部10余年。未予特殊治疗。皮损特点:绿豆至黄豆大小淡黄色丘疹或斑块,部分融合呈鹅卵石样,以及组织病理学检查,可以明确诊断为一种病因尚未明确的罕见先天遗传性疾病。可侵犯多器官系统而引起不同的临床表现,损害主要累及皮肤、视网膜、心血管系统及胃肠道等。

23岁女性,双侧颈部皮肤出现淡黄色小丘疹,逐渐向周边蔓延,累及腋下及腹股沟区部10余年。未予特殊治疗。皮损特点:绿豆至黄豆大小淡黄色丘疹或斑块,部分融合呈鹅卵石样,以及组织病理学检查,可以明确诊断为一种病因尚未明确的罕见先天遗传性疾病。可侵犯多器官系统而引起不同的临床表现,损害主要累及皮肤、视网膜、血管系统及肠道等。

患者,女,23岁,某银行职员。

主诉:双侧颈部皮肤出现淡黄色小丘疹,逐渐向周边蔓延,累及腋下及腹股沟区部10余年。

现病史:10余年前患者无明显原因颈部出现片状淡黄色扁平丘疹,米粒大小,无自觉症状,皮疹渐向周边蔓延,6年前腋下亦发疹,3年前脐周、腹股沟区部也出现同样皮损。未予特殊治疗。

既往史、家族史:患者系独生女,其父母非近亲结婚,既往体健,家族中无类似疾病史。

体格检查

一般情况:一般情况可,发育正常,系统检查无特殊。

专科情况:颈部可见密集扁平丘疹,呈淡黄色,米粒至绿豆大小,形状不一,部分融合成斑块状,似鹅卵石样外观,沿皮纹排列成条纹及网状,可触及皮下结节,活动,质略硬,颈两侧皮肤褶皱明显,略松弛。腋下、腹股沟区及脐周亦见线状排列的针头至米粒大小的肤色或浅黄色丘疹,口腔黏膜未见异常。

右眼1.2,左眼1.5;角膜、前房、虹膜、晶状体及玻璃体无异常;双视盘色泽正常、边缘清楚,黄斑无异常。

辅助检查

血常规、尿常规、便常规、血脂、肝功能、肾功能检查均在正常范围。胸部X线片、心电图、超声心动图及腹部B超均无异常发现。

组织病理变化:表皮角化不全、棘层不规则增厚,真皮中部见弹力纤维肿胀、断裂、嗜碱性变。(图14-1-1~图14-1-2)。

图14-1-1 表皮角化不全、棘层不规则增厚,真皮中部见弹力纤维肿胀、断裂、嗜碱性变

图14-1-2 真皮中部见弹力纤维肿胀、断裂、嗜碱性变

讨论目的

患者病史10余年,皮疹逐年增多,来会诊中心寻求确诊和进一步治疗方案。

讨论内容

根据该患者的典型临床表现:青年女性;皮损发生于双侧颈部,蔓延并累及腋下、腹股沟区部和脐周;皮损特点:绿豆至黄豆大小淡黄色丘疹或斑块,部分融合呈鹅卵石样,以及组织病理学检查可以明确诊断弹性纤维性假黄瘤。本病需与以下疾病相鉴别:

1.真皮中层弹性组织溶解皮疹

为皱纹性斑片或毛囊性软丘疹,弹力纤维染色显示真皮中层弹性组织全部消失,电镜下可见吞噬不正常弹力纤维的巨噬细胞。

2.颈部白色纤维性丘疹

临床上表现为多发性白色丘疹,散在分布于老年人(多为男性)颈周,不融合,质硬。病理特征为真皮乳头纤维化,弹性纤维轻度减少。

3.日光性弹性组织变性综合征

病变主要在真皮上部,弹性纤维互相缠绕为致密的团块而不是单个纤维卷曲,且无钙盐沉积。

4.弹力纤维假黄瘤样真皮乳头层弹性组织溶解症

本病是与老化相关性疾病,皮损与弹性纤维性假黄瘤相似,为小的无症状的斑丘疹,对称分布在颈部及锁骨上区等,但无眼及心脏的累及。组织病理示真皮乳头层弹力纤维网减少或完全消失。根据结构观察发现,真皮成纤维细胞具有丰富的拉长的树枝状细胞浆,缺乏成肌纤维细胞。

最终诊断:弹性纤维性假黄瘤。

治疗经过

专家治疗方案:1. 口服维生素E 100mg,每日两次。

2. 每年体检检查眼底、胸部X线片、心电图及腹部B超

3. 超脉冲二氧化碳激光治疗颈部明显的皮损。

讨 论

弹性纤维性假黄瘤最早由Rigal于1881年描述为弥漫性黄斑瘤,发病率为1∶(25 000~100 000),男∶女为1.2∶2。可侵犯多器官系统而引起不同的临床表现,损害主要累及皮肤、视网膜、血管系统及肠道等。皮疹一般出现于儿童和青年期,表现为颈部、腋下等部位的皮肤细纹变粗,色泽略呈黄色,以后出现黄色斑或斑块,皮肤外观可呈绉绸样、皮革样或鹅卵石样,少数可见1~2mm大小的角化性丘疹。多数患者初起无眼部自觉症状,经皮肤科确诊后,提示做眼底检查时发现眼底病变,眼底的典型表现为从视乳头向外发射的淡红、橘红或淡灰色血管样条纹。累及胃肠道以消化道出血最为严重。心血管系统主要侵犯中等口径的动脉,引起动脉结缔组织发生退行性变和钙化,临床出现脉搏减弱,严重者发生血管闭塞,可伴发心绞痛和高血压,但血管病变经过缓慢,由于侧支循环建立,供血不足症状较轻,发生时间较晚。此患者目前尚未出现眼、心血管及胃肠道受累的证据,但提示我们应密切关注本病的系统损害。

本病的病因尚未明确,目前多认为是一种先天遗传性疾病,遗传方式分为常染色体显性遗传和隐性遗传,也有报道认为属多相遗传。近年来有不少报道有明显家族性发病患者,根据其遗传特点分为两型四组,两型为常染色体显性遗传和常染色体隐性遗传,两型又各分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ组。另有人通过免疫组化研究提出本病不能除外硬蛋白的基因缺陷,因此属于一种复合性疾病。最新研究表明弹性纤维性假黄瘤与跨膜转运蛋白ATP结合盒(ABC)2C6(ABCC6)基因突变相关,约80%的患者发现至少有一个ABCC6基因发生突变。这些突变大部分发生在ABCC631外显子,其突变性质、位置与表型的严重程度无相关性。

本病尚无特效的治疗方法。可以激光治疗皮损,对皮肤松弛可进行美容整形治疗。大量口服维生素E可能对眼底损害有益,而内脏损害主要是对症治疗。

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    2018-11-06 zwjnj2

    好好学习天天学习

    0

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