Lancet Infect Dis :导致关节炎的α病毒——新兴虫媒病毒的流行病学和临床前景

2020-11-30 Bio生物世界 Bio生物世界

蚊子传播的病毒,也被称为虫媒病毒,几个世纪以来一直是传染病的重要组成部分,并且经常是世界赤道和亚热带地区的地方病。最近的疫情进一步凸显了这些病毒造成的巨大公共卫生负担。

蚊子传播的病毒,也被称为虫媒病毒,几个世纪以来一直是传染病的重要组成部分,并且经常是世界赤道和亚热带地区的地方病。最近的疫情进一步凸显了这些病毒造成的巨大公共卫生负担。在特定地区集中爆发的背景下,经常报告导致关节炎的α病毒(Alphavirus),并引起使人虚弱的急性疾病,该疾病可在感染后延续多年的慢性表现,这些病毒可沿特定地理位置分布。

2020年11月,澳大利亚格里菲斯大学 Ali Zaid 教授团队在 Lancet Infect Dis 上发表的综述论文:Arthritogenic alphaviruses:epidemiological and clinical perspective on emerging arboviruses,强调了已知引起人类关节炎疾病的α病毒的关键特征,并概述了目前关于分类、免疫原性、发病机制和旨在限制疾病表现的实验方法的发现。

本综述重点关注全球范围内已发现的导致关节炎的α病毒,并对当前和未来的研究方向进行全面评估。

α病毒是由蚊子传播的,在地理上分布在有合适媒介的地区。然而,有可能适应新的病媒物种,并传播到目前存在病媒的非地方性地区。α病毒属于α病毒科和α病毒属,该属的成员根据血清学交叉反应性和遗传相似性归入抗原复合物(如表1)。

表1:与α病毒属内的抗原复合物和成员物种相关的地理区域和主要脊椎动物宿主

虽然每个物种的分布在地理上受到病媒宿主和宿主的限制,但2006年至2019年间基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV)的爆发恰当地显示了α病毒大量传播的潜力(如图1)。继20世纪50年代分离鉴定出包括CHIKV[1-2]、ONNV(非洲)[3],和MAYV5(南美洲),周期性爆发使得这些病毒及其载体在地理上得以扩展。自20世纪50年代中期至2010年,南非也有零星爆发的记录[3-4]。

在南太平洋,罗斯河病毒(RRV)是澳大利亚的地方病(第一次爆发与1928年报告的RRV临床表现一致)。此外,RRV在1979年至1980年间是南太平洋岛屿爆发的对象,在一些岛屿上似乎仍有传播[5-6]。人类感染甲型病毒很少与死亡相关,其临床表现从伴有皮疹的轻度发热疾病到慢性关节炎不等;因此,本综述的重点是除CHIKV以外的致关节炎α病毒,即RRV病毒、BFV病毒、SINV病毒、ONNV病毒和MAYV病毒,与CHIKV一样引起疾病,且有向其他地理区域传播的倾向。

图1:致病性α病毒爆发的时空分布及主要蚊媒

流行病学和遗传多样性

罗斯河病毒(RRV)最早于1959年从澳大利亚罗斯河附近收集的一滩野蚊中分离出来,是澳大利亚的地方病。澳大利亚西北部的高降雨量、高温度和潮汐是促使蚊子大量繁殖的因素之一,从而加速了病毒的传播。RRV有一系列蚊子载体和脊椎动物宿主(可能包括人类),这可能会促进瓶颈效应,从而防止大规模爆发。

BFV最早于1974年从澳大利亚东南部维多利亚北部的巴尔马森林采集的蚊子中分离出来。BFV病是澳大利亚最常见的地方性蚊媒疾病之一,每年约有1000例。BFV的自然宿主是未知的,BFV分离株显示出高度的序列同一性,没有地理或时间差异的证据。

SINV病毒是分布最广泛的虫媒病毒之一,已在北欧、中东、非洲、印度、东南亚、澳大利亚和菲律宾发现,主要存在于鸟类和蚊子中。SINV病毒序列在地理区域内相对稳定,这表明候鸟的南北向传播有限。

MAYV是引起马亚罗热的病毒,于1954年首次从特立尼达马亚罗县的一名24岁男子身上分离出来。MAYV属于塞姆利基森林病毒抗基因复合体,基因型N是2010年秘鲁最新鉴定的基因型。

临床症状和体征

临床上很难区分致关节炎α病毒;因此,通常需要实验室确认,尤其是在可能有一种以上甲型病毒传播的地区(表2)。总结了病毒的特征和非特异性症状,并包括CHIKV以供比较。

表2:按病毒和潜伏期分列的特征性临床特征和非特异性症状汇总

动物模型中的发病机制

大多数关于致关节炎α病毒诱导的病理学的知识是由动物模型提供的,这些模型已经确定了几种途径,这些途径可以作为未来α病毒感染的治疗靶点。据我们所知,Santos和同事在2019年进行的一项研究首次提供了MAYV诱导的关节炎和肌炎的综合动物模型,该模型使用了免疫活性15天的Balb/c小鼠,而不是大多数α病毒模型中使用的C57BL/6J小鼠。在关节炎和肌炎病理过程中,通过激活NLRP3炎症体,类似于CHIKV、RRV,MAYV也被证明诱导白细胞介素。

α病毒感染的诊断

α病毒的实验室诊断相似,在急性期使用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测病毒核酸进行确认,有时在恢复期除了血清转化或检测IgM之外。然而,患者很少在急性期出现病毒血症;因此,大多数实验室确认依赖于对IgG和IgM反应的血清学检测,尽管血清学检测的解释确实存在一些挑战。

治关节炎α病毒感染的治疗和疫苗策略

RRV、BFV、SINV病毒、ONNV病毒或MAYV病毒引起的感染没有批准的抗病毒药物或疫苗。治疗本质上是姑息性的,旨在避免急性感染的主要表现,特别是发烧和身体疼痛。对症治疗可以包括抗组胺药和非甾体抗炎药和关节症状镇痛药。然而,没有评估或证实这些治疗效果的对照研究。

总结

在过去15年里,蚊子传播的病毒,如CHIKV病毒,向以前非流行地区的传播,突出了在缺乏有效疫苗或治疗药物的情况下对公共健康的重要影响。在寨卡病毒在南美洲出现之前,这种病毒没有与人类疾病的大规模爆发和实质性后果相关联。传染性支气管炎病毒的爆发刺激了这种病毒的研究活动和疫苗开发。

然而,还有其他具有传播倾向的致关节炎α病毒;因此,重视对病原体致病机制的理解,进一步阐明炎症途径在关节病理学中的作用,有助于靶向治疗的发展。

原始出处:

Ali Zaid, Felicity J Burt, Xiang Liu,et al.Arthritogenic alphaviruses: epidemiological and clinical perspective on emerging arboviruses.Review Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 5;S1473-3099(20)30491-6. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30491-6.

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    2021-04-09 howi
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    2021-01-26 zhaojie88
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    2020-12-28 chenailuoding

    厉害

    0

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    2020-12-02 lmm397
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    2020-12-02 xugumin
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    2020-11-30 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0

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