JEADV:二期梅毒中罕见的神经性和耳梅毒1例

2022-01-29 医路坦克 MedSci原创

梅毒由梅毒螺旋体亚种梅毒螺旋体引起,是一种通过直接、最常见的性接触感染的粘膜病变传播的传染病。我们的病例描述了一例罕见的女性、非免疫功能低下的患者发展为二期梅毒合并耳梅毒和神经梅毒的病例。

梅毒由梅毒螺旋体亚种梅毒螺旋体引起,是一种通过直接、最常见的性接触感染的粘膜病变传播的传染病。梅毒在男性中比在女性中更常见。2018年,德国报告的病例中只有6.1%是女性患者,美国只有14%是女性患者。这种疾病的特点是表现多样,可能会影响不同的器官,最常见的是皮肤和中枢神经系统。

一名31岁的女性患者到我们的皮肤科就诊,整个皮肤上都有多处红斑,瘙痒的结节。手掌,舌头和口腔粘膜也受到影响(图1a)。三个月前,她身体健康,直到皮肤开始变化。用倍他米松乳膏局部治疗并未改善症状。由于疾病的程度和诊断的不确定性,住院皮肤科医生决定进行穿刺活检;然而,当患者第一次访问我们部门时,最终报告仍在等待中(图1b)。在获得全面的病史时,她在4周前报告了急性听力损失和耳鸣。

她接受了全身皮质类固醇治疗;然而,听力损失不仅没有改善,反而恶化了。采血进行梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集(TPPA)、快速血浆反应素(RPR)心磷脂试验、IgM和IgG免疫印迹以确诊梅毒。

我们将病人转到神经内科做进一步的检查和治疗。安排磁共振成像(MRI),收集脑脊液(CSF)。细胞计数增加,TPPA阳性。MRI显示左侧耳蜗增强。此外,还咨询了耳鼻喉科的同事。耳镜检查未见异常发现。没有检测到眼球震颤作为前庭病理的可能指标。最初的纯音测听图显示左侧有严重的感觉神经性听力损失,右侧听力无限制。诊断为神经梅毒合并耳梅毒。患者在14天内接受青霉素1000万次,每天3次。为了改善皮肤症状,抗生素疗程结束后,使用保湿剂和0.1%糠酸莫米松局部治疗。皮损变平,患者目前正在随访以评估缓解情况。抗生素治疗后,强的松龙500 mg/d,连续3天,听力无变化。然而,在接下来的几周里,听力明显提高。

综上所述,我们提出了二期梅毒中耳梅毒合并皮肤损害的罕见情况。耳廓受累很可能是病原体的血源性传播,但通过脑脊液和受累神经(前庭耳蜗神经、颅神经VIII)传播似乎也是可能的。

皮肤科医生应该时刻注意梅毒的可能表现,特别是神经、耳部、眼科和心脏受累。2020年,修订了神经梅毒S1指南和梅毒诊断和治疗S2K指南。医生应考虑中枢神经系统受累,当以下三点中的两点适用时,除TPPA和FTA-ABS阳性外:患者患有神经精神症状,伴有恶化和部分缓解期,病理性脑脊液,以及抗生素对病程和/或脑脊液的阳性影响。

关于治疗评估,目前的欧洲指南建议6个月前将RPR滴度降低4倍。神经梅毒患者应在治疗后大约3-6个月进行CSF检查,此后每6个月进行一次,直到脑脊液细胞计数恢复正常。总结而言,我们的病例描述了一例罕见的女性、非免疫功能低下的患者发展为二期梅毒合并耳梅毒和神经梅毒的病例。

图1 结节型梅毒患者的临床表现和组织病理学。

(A)整个被片(包括手掌和口腔粘膜)上有红斑、瘙痒的结节。

(B)浅、深血管周围淋巴组织细胞炎症,苏木精伊红染色混合浆细胞。梅毒特异性梅毒免疫组化染色诊断梅毒。

文献来源:

S. Traidl,Y. Angela, Stender,A rare case of neuro- and otosyphilis in secondary syphilis,JEADV,2021,35,e699–e831

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