新衰老机制:自私基因加剧炎症以及和衰老相关疾病

2019-03-28 佚名 生物通

衰老影响着每一个生物,但是导致衰老的分子过程仍然是一个有争议的话题。虽然许多因素都促进衰老过程,但动物衰老的一个共同主题是炎症——这可能被一类自私的遗传因子放大。

衰老影响着每一个生物,但是导致衰老的分子过程仍然是一个有争议的话题。虽然许多因素都促进衰老过程,但动物衰老的一个共同主题是炎症——这可能被一类自私的遗传因子放大。

衰老影响着每一个生物,但是导致衰老的分子过程仍然是一个有争议的话题。虽然许多因素都促进衰老过程,但动物衰老的一个共同主题是炎症——这可能被一类自私的遗传因子放大。

人类的基因组中到处都是自私的遗传基因,这些重复的基因似乎对宿主没有好处,反而只想通过在宿主基因组中插入新的拷贝来扩增自己。一类被称为LINE1逆转录转座子是人类最普遍的自私遗传因子;人类和小鼠基因组中约20%由LINE1组成。

研究人员长期以来一直怀疑LINE1会导致癌症和基因组不稳定。然而,这些基因组寄生虫所造成的伤害比研究人员最初想象的要严重得多。

该研究由罗切斯特大学的研究人员,包括Vera Gorbunova教授(Doris Johns Cherry生物学教授)和Andrei Seluanov生物学教授等完成,发表在Cell Metabolism杂志上,他们的结果表明LINE1逆转录转座子随着年龄的增长而变得更加活跃,并可能通过引发炎症而引起与年龄相关的疾病。通过了解逆转录转座子的影响,研究人员可以更好地认识细胞衰老的过程以及更好的对抗衰老的有害影响。

人类细胞已经进化出多种分子机制,例如基因沉默,来阻止像LINE1这样自私的遗传因子。然而,这些机制在老化过程中效率逐渐降低,从而使LINE1因子重新激活。

Gorbunova说,当LINE1变得活跃时,它们的一些拷贝会从细胞核泄漏到细胞质中。细胞质中的任何DNA都是警报信号,因为它类似于入侵细胞的病毒。细胞质“守护者”——各种DNA感应器——通常识别入侵者并触发免疫反应,如炎症。该系统通常起到保护人类免受病毒和外来DNA的入侵,但在衰老细胞中,这个系统会识别泄漏的LINE1拷贝基因,触发假的“警报”并产生与衰老相关的炎症反应。

研究人员发现,他们可以使用抑制逆转录酶(一种催化LINE1基因形成的酶)的药物来减少LINE1基因的拷贝。这些药物最初是为驱除HIV患者的逆转录酶而开发的。“使用这些药物来减少LINE1基因不仅能改善小鼠的寿命,还能改善小鼠的健康,减少炎症,”Seluanov说,“由LINE1基因引发的无菌炎症是一种新的衰老机制。我们现在可以制定针对LINE1基因和导致炎症途径的策略。”

Gorbunova说,了解LINE1以及它对炎症的影响,研究人员希望开发出旨在抑制LINE1的干预措施。这些干预措施可以作为治疗由炎症引起的年龄相关疾病的新方式,如神经退行、癌症、糖尿病和自身免疫性疾病。

原始出处:Matthew Simon, Michael Van Meter, Julia Ablaeva, et al. LINE1 Derepression in Aged Wild-Type and SIRT6-Deficient Mice Drives Inflammation. Cell Metab. March 7, 2019

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    2019-03-29 183****7028

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    2019-03-28 坚强007

    向挑战病魔的科研人员致敬!!

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    2019-03-28 kafei

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    2019-03-28 183****7028

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