糖尿病女性并发尿路感染 广谱抗菌药使用知多少?

2018-09-13 王少华 李杨 药学服务案例解析丛书.感染性疾病分册

55岁女性患者,口干、多饮3年,采取降糖控制后,无明显原因出现左下肢乏力6个月,入院确诊为2型糖尿病、糖尿病周围神经病变。入院第8天患者诉尿痛、尿液混浊,尿常规显示尿路感染。并发泌尿系感染在女性糖尿病患者中常见,应选取什么药物治疗?给药期间应注意监护哪些方面?详见以下病例——

55岁女性患者,口干、多饮3年,采取降糖控制后,无明显原因出现左下肢乏力6个月,入院确诊为2型糖尿病糖尿病周围神经病变。入院第8天患者诉尿痛、尿液混浊,尿常规显示尿路感染。并发泌尿系感染在女性糖尿病患者中常见,应选取什么药物治疗?给药期间应注意监护哪些方面?详见以下病例——

基本情况

【病史摘要】

患者,女,55岁,因“口干、多饮3年,左下肢乏力6个月”入院。

患者3年前无明显诱因出现口干、多饮,饮水量约一日3000ml,无尿量增多,无乏力,无恶心呕吐,无明显体重减轻,未行治疗;当年11月查随机血糖28mmol/L,住院治疗,出院后坚持使用“优泌乐早餐前10U、中餐前14U、晚餐前14U皮下注射,来得时睡前14U皮下注射”降糖,随机血糖控制在10mmol/L左右。6个月前患者无明显原因出现左下肢乏力,逐渐加重,为求进一步治疗入院。

查体:体温36.6℃,心率80次/分,呼吸19次/分,血压100/70mmHg。一般情况可,双肺呼吸音清,心律齐,腹平软,无压痛及反跳痛,双下肢胫骨前毛发无脱落,无色素沉着斑,双足背动脉搏动有力,足部皮温正常,痛/温觉未见异常。

随机血糖6.4mmol/L、血酮0.2mmol/L、糖化血红蛋白6.0%。

血常规:大致正常。

尿常规:葡萄糖(±)、尿蛋白(±),其余正常。

血生化:高密度脂蛋白0.86mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白1.97mmol/L。

肌电图:双下肢周围感觉神经损害。

入院后完善血清胰岛素、C肽检查,密切监测血糖,积极降糖、改善周围神经功能治疗。入院第8天,患者诉尿痛、尿液混浊,查尿常规示尿白细胞(2+)、镜检白细胞2~5/HP,考虑尿路感染。

诊断

①2型糖尿病;②糖尿病周围神经病变;③尿路感染。

【药物治疗】

药物治疗详见表7‐2。


表7‐2 药物治疗

患者注射胰岛素后连续出现餐后低血糖反应,第6天改为口服二甲双胍和阿卡波糖降糖治疗,应用左氧氟沙星后尿路感染症状很快改善,于第16天出院。

药学监护—点

患者系糖尿病并发泌尿系感染,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,以大肠埃希菌最常见,其次为副大肠杆菌、克雷伯杆菌、变形杆菌、产气杆菌、产碱杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌等。考虑青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氟喹诺酮类在尿中浓度甚高,对敏感细菌所致泌尿系感染可作首选。该患者选用左氧氟沙星治疗,应注意监护以下几点:

1﹒按照《应用抗菌药物防治外科感染的指导意见》,左氧氟沙星用于泌尿系感染的推荐剂量为“0.2g,每天2次”,同时考虑左氧氟沙星为浓度依赖性抗菌药物且主要以原形经尿排出,尿药浓度高特点,建议将左氧氟沙星给药方式由“0.5g,每天1次”更改为“0.2g,每天1次”,治疗5天后尿路感染症状明显改善。

2﹒滴注时间为每100ml不少于60分钟,不宜与其他药物同瓶混合静脉滴注,或在同一根静脉输液管内进行静脉滴注。

3﹒用药期间可能出现恶心、呕吐、腹部不适、腹泻、食欲缺乏、腹痛、腹胀等肠道症状,失眠、头晕、头痛等神经系统症状以及皮疹、瘙痒等,一般均能耐受,疗程结束后可迅速消失。

4﹒喹诺酮类药物可引起少见的光毒性反应(发生率小于0.1%),使用左氧氟沙星治疗时应避免过度阳光曝晒和人工紫外线,如出现光敏反应或皮肤损伤立即停药。

5﹒用药期间宜多饮水,保持24小时排尿量在1200ml以上,以避免结晶尿的发生。

总结分析

1﹒泌尿系感染尤其是女性并发泌尿系感染在糖尿病患者中极为常见,其原因有:①高血糖是感染的发病根源,高浓度血糖抑制白细胞的吞噬作用,降低抗感染能力;②大肠杆菌及其他革兰阴性杆菌等在高浓度的葡萄糖组织中极易生长;③糖尿病患者体内代谢紊乱,抗病能力显著下降,粒细胞功能受到抑制,白细胞吞噬能力减弱,炎症反应明显下降,抗体生成能力亦降低;④糖尿病并发神经病变的患者,大多伴有神经性膀胱、尿潴留,加之尿糖增多,有利于泌尿道的细菌生长,而女性特有的生理特征(尿道短)极易上行感染致肾盂肾炎。

2﹒糖尿病患者并发的泌尿系感染属复杂性尿路感染,按《应用抗菌药物防治外科感染的指导意见》所述,病原菌多为较耐药的大肠埃希菌、变形杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、假单胞菌属和沙雷菌属等。治疗方面,应根据细菌培养及药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物,可根据尿液涂片结果先予经验治疗,可选用青霉素类、喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类等药物,必要时联合氨基糖苷类药物。

3﹒左氧氟沙星具有广谱抗菌作用,对多数肠杆菌科细菌如大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、弧菌属、耶尔森菌、变形杆菌属、沙门菌属、志贺菌属和流感嗜血杆菌、嗜肺军团菌、淋病奈瑟菌等革兰阴性菌有较强的抗菌活性,可用于泌尿系感染的经验治疗。《应用抗菌药物防治外科感染的指导意见》中推荐了左氧氟沙星用于泌尿系感染的静脉用药,剂量为“0.2g,每天2次”,与左氧氟沙星主要以原形药自肾排泄(48小时内尿中原形药排出量约占给药量的87%),尿药浓度高的特点,及《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》中“多数药物的尿药浓度远高于血药浓度,则可应用较小剂量(治疗剂量范围低限)”相适应。

此病例提示,应根据药物在感染组织中的分布浓度选择用药剂量,对泌尿系感染可应用较小剂量。

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    2019-05-12 丁鹏鹏
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    2018-09-15 lhlxtx
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    2018-09-14 元元maple

    左氧早已推荐0.4g qd,而非0.2g bid,建议参照热病学

    0

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    2018-09-14 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

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    2018-09-14 吴教授

    学习了

    0

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    2018-09-13 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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    2018-09-13 王秀

    学习了,涨知识了!

    0

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