治癌也要止痛,癌痛治疗药物只知道三阶梯可不行!

2018-10-05 王婧 上海药讯

几乎所有晚期癌症患者认为: 疼痛折磨,比死亡更加可怕! 癌痛治疗与肿瘤治疗同等重要,越早治疗效果越好。如果癌痛不能得到及时、有效的控制,患者往往感到极度不适,可能会引起或加重其焦虑、抑郁、乏力、失眠以及食欲减退等症状,影响患者的日常活动、自理能力、社会交往和整体生活质量。因此,在癌症治疗的过程中,镇痛具有重要的作用。


上海市第六人民医院药剂科  王婧

几乎所有晚期癌症患者认为:

疼痛折磨,比死亡更加可怕!

癌痛治疗与肿瘤治疗同等重要,越早治疗效果越好。如果癌痛不能得到及时、有效的控制,患者往往感到极度不适,可能会引起或加重其焦虑、抑郁、乏力、失眠以及食欲减退等症状,影响患者的日常活动、自理能力、社会交往和整体生活质量。因此,在癌症治疗的过程中,镇痛具有重要的作用。

然而,癌痛控制的现状却不容乐观,止痛治疗上也存在很多误区。一方面患者惧怕吗啡等阿片类药物导致的副作用以及药物成瘾,觉得“能忍则忍”而未能按医嘱服药。另一方面,由于前期未进行规范化癌痛治疗,导致疼痛控制不佳,使患者丧失信心,加之疼痛对患者身心的折磨,很多患者会发生严重的心理疾患,甚至自杀。

事实上,只要及时就诊,并积极配合医生的治疗,疼痛是可以有效控制的。

治癌也要止痛,怎么消灭痛不欲生的疼痛呢?

疼痛的治疗方法有药物治疗和非药物治疗两种,在治疗中引起疼痛的疾病治疗和针对疼痛症状的治疗都很重要。90%以上的疼痛通过药物治疗可以得到较好缓解,部分复杂性疼痛需要在药物治疗的基础上增加神经阻滞、神经损毁等有创治疗。此外,心理治疗也是疼痛治疗的重要方法,它包括心理感情支持、认知治疗、行为治疗等。

世界卫生组织(WHO)在1986年提出的癌症“三阶梯”止痛法,已将临床疼痛治疗列为世界范围内解决肿瘤问题的重点之一。

但在对患者进行药物止痛治疗之前,需要对疼痛进行评估,比如“0”代表无痛,“10”代表难以忍受的剧烈疼痛,由患者在0至10间选择合适的数字表达自己疼痛的程度。除此之外,还需要对疼痛的性质,是锐痛、钝痛、烧灼样痛还是电击样痛等,以及疼痛发作的诱因(加重或减轻的因素),疼痛是否伴有麻木感、是否影响正常活动或者睡眠进行描述。

WHO“三阶梯”药物治疗是根据疼痛的强度分为3大类,根据疼痛轻、中、重程度及患者的身体情况,按不同等级给与不同药物治疗。

第一阶梯治疗药物有对乙酰氨基酚和非甾体类药物,如布洛芬、双氯芬酸钠(扶他林、戴芬)、塞来昔布(西乐葆)、吲哚美辛(消炎痛)等。

而以吗啡为代表的阿片类药物是中度和重度癌痛治疗的基础用药,临床上常用的有硫酸吗啡缓释片(美施康定)、盐酸羟考酮缓释片(奥施康定)、芬太尼透皮贴剂(芬太尼)等。

但由于癌痛原因多样、性质复杂,“三阶梯止痛法”并非是万能的,临床上需要根据患者的情况,适当联合其他类辅助药物。

辅助镇痛药物,顾名思义能够辅助性增强阿片药物的止痛效果,或者直接产生一定的镇痛作用,常用于辅助治疗神经病理性疼痛、骨痛和内脏痛。常用的辅助药物包括抗惊厥药、抗抑郁类药物、糖皮质激素(地塞米松等)、双膦酸盐和局部麻醉药等。其中,抗惊厥类(加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林)主要用于神经损伤所致的撕裂痛、放电样疼痛及烧灼痛。三环类抗抑郁药(阿米替林、度洛西汀、文拉法辛等)用于中枢性或外周神经损伤所致的麻木样痛、灼痛、该类药物也可以改善心情、改善睡眠。

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    2019-06-01 yinhl1990
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    2018-10-05 天地飞扬

    了解一下,谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-10-05 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

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