Nat Commun :全麻药在动物模型上通过IL-6通路影响乳腺癌转移

2020-07-27 酶美 BioArt

对恶性程度高的肿瘤如三阴性乳腺癌而言,即使完全切除了肿瘤及其累及的局部区域,癌症依然会复发或转移,成为导致病人死亡的主要原因。越多的研究表明手术围术期的用药和治疗会导致血液循环中的肿瘤细胞增多增强。

外科手术是针对实体器官肿瘤最常用的治疗手段之一,多用于癌症的预防诊断、判断癌症分期和根治性切除。超过80% 的恶性肿瘤患者会至少接受一次手术治疗。然而,对恶性程度高的肿瘤如三阴性乳腺癌而言,即使完全切除了肿瘤及其累及的局部区域,癌症依然会复发或转移,成为导致病人死亡的主要原因。近年来,越来越多的研究表明手术围术期的用药和治疗会导致血液循环中的肿瘤细胞数量的增多和侵袭能力的增强。手术过程还会激活神经内分泌系统释放大量免疫抑制因子从而导致持续性的细胞介导的免疫抑制。所有这些因素都有助于肿瘤细胞向远处器官的转移,进而影响癌症患者的预后。

麻醉药物是病人在手术中最常接触到的一种药物,全身麻醉用药主要包括挥发性麻醉剂如七氟醚和静脉麻醉剂如丙泊酚。2016年Wigmore等人发表了一项大型回顾性研究,分析了7000多例癌症患者在吸入麻醉或静脉麻醉下进行肿瘤切除手术后的长期(三年)生存率。通过匹配对照后,吸入麻醉组和静脉麻醉组分别收入2607例患者(吸入麻醉组:597例死亡,死亡率22.8%;静脉麻醉组:407例死亡,死亡率15.6%)。对两种麻醉方式的匹配组中的已知的混杂因素进行多变量分析表明,吸入麻醉组患者死亡风险显着增加(HR 1.46; 95% CI: 1.29-1.66)但是,其他一些回顾性研究认为麻醉方式不会影响癌症患者的存活率和肿瘤复发率。最近,一项大型多中心前瞻性研究发现,相比于吸入式全麻-阿片类镇痛 (七氟醚,general anesthesia with sevoflurane and opioid analgesia),区域麻醉-镇痛 (胸椎旁神经阻滞-丙泊酚静脉复合,paravertebral blocks and propofol) 并不能减少乳腺癌术后复发。然而,值得注意的是,这项研究收入的病人均为原发性乳腺癌 (一期至三期),排除罹患炎性乳腺癌的病人,没有区分保乳手术和乳房根治切除术。鉴于病人的多样性和乳腺癌的复杂性,局部麻醉镇痛和静脉麻醉可能更有益于身患恶性乳腺癌病人的预后。此外,对于乳腺癌患者,最常见是创伤较小的保乳手术,因而手术所产生的机体应激反应的强弱也可能导致研究结果的差异。

尽管麻醉药物用于现代医学治疗已逾百年,但是对于常用麻醉药物如七氟醚和丙泊酚的作用机理的了解非常有限,对于麻醉药物对肿瘤转移的作用更是知之甚少。因此,纽约州立大学石溪分校医学院教授林军团队使用小鼠模型来研究不同麻醉药物对于癌症转移的作用,并且进一步揭示其机理。该成果于发表在Nature Communications,题为:Distinct effects of general anesthetics on lung metastasis mediated by IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway in mouse models(第一作者:李茹博士,黄毓杰博士)。

研究团队使用了两种小鼠模型来进行肿瘤切除手术以研究不同麻醉药物的作用,它们分别是4T1同系移植小鼠模型 (4T1 syngeneic mouse model) 和人源三阴肿瘤细胞MDA-MB-231异种移植 (MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model)。在这两种小鼠模型上,于原位接种肿瘤细胞。当原位肿瘤长到一定大小后,模拟临床手术,在不同的麻醉药物的作用下,切除原位肿瘤。随后,经过一段时间的观察,最终评估肿瘤细胞向肺部转移的情况。研究表明手术中使用七氟醚进行麻醉的小鼠,其术后肺部转移瘤相较于使用丙泊酚进行麻醉的小鼠有显着的增加。这个结果在两种小鼠模型上得到了相互印证。

为了进一步揭示麻醉药物的作用机理并寻找潜在的靶点籍以消除麻醉药物促进肿瘤转移的作用,他们筛查了术后短时间内(即术后三小时和术后一天)血液和肺组织中细胞因子细胞因子的变化。结果表明使用七氟醚作为麻醉的小鼠,其体内多个与肿瘤转移相关的促炎性细胞因子均有增加。再利用ELISA进一步检测了IL-6和VEGF的变化来验证筛查结果。ELISA显示,术后三小时,七氟醚组的小鼠血清中IL-6的量显着高于丙泊酚组的小鼠。术后一天,七氟醚组的小鼠血清中IL-6的量达到丙泊酚组的小鼠的两倍。肺组织中IL-6的量没有显着变化。与IL-6的结果类似, 术后一天七氟醚组的小鼠血清中VEGF的量也高于丙泊酚组的小鼠,但是VEGF的变化不如IL-6显着。

基于以上结果和IL-6在肿瘤转移中的重要作用,他们进一步研究了IL-6相关信号通路在麻醉药物作用下的变化。IL-6与其受体结合后活化JAK激酶,JAK激酶进而催化结合在受体上的STAT3蛋白 (一种转录因子) 产生磷酸化修饰,修饰后的STAT3蛋白以二聚体的形式进入细胞核,与靶向基因结合,促进细胞增生和分化。在术后三小时到一天内,七氟醚麻醉组小鼠的肺组织中p-STAT3(p-Tyr705)的水平显着高于丙泊酚组的小鼠。为了更近一步确认IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号通路在七氟醚促肿瘤转移过程中的作用,在4T1同系移植小鼠模型中引入一种JAK激酶抑制剂AZD1480。在这个动物试验中,小鼠在手术当天开始口服AZD1480或其赋形剂作为对照,术后每天给药直到试验结束。AZD1480显着降低了七氟醚麻醉组小鼠的肺组织中的转移瘤数目,并且降低了p-STAT3(p-Tyr705)的水平。

肺组织的肿瘤微环境包括很多种不同的基质细胞(stroma cells),其中CD11b+ myeloid cells 会有效地促进肺组织形成适合癌细胞转移的微环境。在4T1同系移植小鼠模型中,通过免疫荧光染色发现术后一天内七氟醚麻醉组小鼠的肺组织中CD11b+ myeloid cells相比于丙泊酚组有显着的增加。这个现象在MDA-MB-231异种移植模型中也得到了证实。此外,使用AZD1480能够有效地降低CD11b+ myeloid cells向肺组织地浸润。

总结来说,七氟醚在手术过程中通过增加IL-6的表达来激活IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号通路并且诱导CD11b+ myeloid cells在肺组织聚集,从而促进肿瘤细胞向肺进行转移。相较于直接作用在肿瘤细胞上,麻醉药物主要通过改变肿瘤微环境来影响肿瘤的转移,并且这种作用是在手术创伤下进行的。不同麻醉药物对不同类型的肿瘤甚至同类肿瘤的不同亚型的影响不尽相同,需要大量样本的前瞻性临床研究来进一步证实。但同时,动物模型对研究麻醉药物在肿瘤转移中作用机理大有裨益,也为临床用药选择提供参考依据,并发现潜在靶点来克服麻醉药物的副作用。

原始出处:

Ru Li 1, Yujie Huang 1 2, Jun Lin 3.Distinct effects of general anesthetics on lung metastasis mediated by IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway in mouse models.Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):642. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14065-6.

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    2020-12-06 liye789132251
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    2020-11-22 liuli5079
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    2020-07-29 kzlchina
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    2020-07-27 CHANGE

    梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!

    0

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