CHC2019:个体化治疗是老年高血压管理的“灵魂”

2019-11-08 朱朱 中国循环杂志

阜外医院党爱民教授在中国心脏大会(CHC)2019上强调,降压达标是降低老年高血压患者心血管事件的关键,个体化治疗是老年高血压管理的“灵魂”。对于中国老年高血压患者来说,一般情况下降压达标仍应<140/90mmHg,相对年轻、身体状况好的患者可降至<130/80mmHg;舒张压不应低于60 mmHg。

阜外医院党爱民教授在中国心脏大会(CHC)2019上强调,降压达标是降低老年高血压患者心血管事件的关键,个体化治疗是老年高血压管理的“灵魂”。对于中国老年高血压患者来说,一般情况下降压达标仍应<140/90mmHg,相对年轻、身体状况好的患者可降至<130/80mmHg;舒张压不应低于60 mmHg。

老年患者降压药物的使用原则

党教授指出,根据2018年中国高血压指南,老年高血压患者中降压药物的使用有以下几个主要原则:

(1)老年人及高龄老年人初始治疗时通常采用较小的有效治疗剂量,然后根据需要,考虑逐渐增加至足剂量。

(2)在药物选择方面,要优先使用长效降压药物,以有效控制24 h血压,更有效预防心脑血管并发症发生。钙拮抗剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)、利尿剂均适用,β受体阻滞剂可能也适用。

(3)血压≥160/100 mmHg、高于目标血压20/10 mmHg的高危患者或单药治疗未达标的高血压患者,应进行联合降压治疗,包括自由联合或单片复方制剂。

(4)血压≥140/90 mmHg的患者,也可起始小剂量联合治疗。

(5)个体化是老年高血压治疗的灵魂,同时要考虑药物经济学因素。

老年高血压的临床特点

党教授指出,老年高血压有其独特的临床特点,比如,单纯收缩期高血压为主(占60%左右);血压波动大,“晨峰”现象(清晨高血压)增多,高血压合并体位性低血压和餐后低血压者增多;昼夜节律异常,非勺型或超勺型血压增多;白大衣高血压增多;假性高血压增多;冠心病、动脉粥样硬化、2型糖尿病等合并症较多。

清晨高血压的防治

首要要进行生活方式改善,积极防治导致血压“晨峰”的危险因素。

在降压药物方面,要选择长效降压药物,可选用ACEI/ARB、钙拮抗剂、α受体阻滞剂。目前的证据表明,利尿剂则会使夜间血压明显降低,导致血压“晨峰”更为明显。

另外,要注意调整给药时间,睡前给药可使夜间收缩压降低幅度显着增大,舒张压降低幅度相对较小。

体位性低血压的防治

体位性低血压是指:在改变体位为直立位的3分钟内,收缩压下降>20 mmHg或舒张压下降>10 mmHg,同时伴有低灌注的症状,如头晕或晕厥。体位性低血压会显着增加心血管事件和死亡、致残的风险。

老年单纯收缩期高血压伴有糖尿病、低血容量以及应用利尿剂、扩血管药或精神类药物的患者容易出现体位性低血压。

JNC7 、2007年欧洲高血压指南及2010中国高血压指南均强调,在对老年、糖尿病患者诊疗的过程中,应测量坐位及立位血压,以及早发现体位性低血压患者。

在治疗方面,可采用物理运动疗法,浴疗、训练;调整降压药及扩血管药物剂量、用法,适当增加盐和水的摄入。

餐后低血压的诊治

餐后低血压是指:餐后2 h内收缩压下降≥20 mmHg;或餐前收缩压≥100 mmHg,餐后<90 mmHg;或餐后2 h收缩压下降<20 mmHg,但出现心脑缺血症状。

合并糖尿病、帕金森病、肾功能衰竭、多器官功能衰竭的患者容易出现餐后低血压。另外,血容量不足、利尿剂及其他降压药过量、体位性改变、高糖饮食、进餐过多、进餐过热、久卧位坐起进食等都可能诱发餐后低血压。

对于餐后高血压,首先要纠正诱因,餐前进水、低糖餐、少量多餐,餐后半坐、餐中禁酒,避免餐前服降压药。在药物治疗方面,咖啡因、善宁(醋酸奥曲肽注射液)、α-糖苷酶抑制剂(阿卡波糖)、古尔胶等可能有效。

衰弱老年人的降压治疗

根据2016 ESH/EUGMS衰弱高龄老年血压管理专家意见,血压≥160 mmHg是高龄患者启动降压治疗的界值。对于1级高血压(收缩压140~150 mmHg)的高龄患者,降压治疗是否获益目前缺乏证据。

高龄虚弱老年患者的收缩压控制目标为<150 mmHg,但不低于130 mmHg;血压低于此值时,应考虑减小降压药物剂量乃至停药。要重视家庭自测血压与动态血压监测在高龄患者中的应用。

钙拮抗剂、噻嗪类利尿剂及ACEI应作为高龄患者的优选降压药物。

老年高血压多病共存处理原则

合并心衰:如无禁忌证,可选用ACEI/ARB、β受体阻滞剂和利尿剂。尽量避免使用钙拮抗剂,对血压难以控制者,可选用血管选择性较高的二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂(非洛地平或氨氯地平)。

合并冠心病:应首选β受体阻滞剂和ACEI,如无禁忌证,应早期使用;血压难以控制的老年冠心病,或并发血管痉挛性心绞痛,可选用钙拮抗剂加硝酸酯。

合并房颤:荟萃分析显示,ACEI/ARB可显着降低房颤合并心衰患者的房颤复发,可首选;持续性快速房颤可用β受体阻滞剂或非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂控制心室率。

合并脑卒中:急性脑卒中降压应平稳,对慢性期脑血管病的老年高血压患者,关键是维持脑血流量;血压目标为140/90 mmHg;可优选长效钙拮抗剂、ACEI/ARB、利尿剂等。

合并糖尿病:应用ACEI/ARB在降压同时,可改善糖代谢、内皮功能,降低尿微量白蛋白,延缓糖尿病肾病的发生,尤其ARB具有更好的肾脏保护作用,故应优先选用。

合并肾功能不全:ACEI/ARB可降低尿蛋白,减少终末期肾病的发生,可首选,但应监测血肌酐和电解质水平;当降压疗效未达标时,可加用长效二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂,有液体潴留倾向,可联用小剂量襻利尿剂。

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