BMJ:超10万人研究证明长期摄入含糖饮料,提高多种癌症发病风险,乳腺癌更是高达22%!

2021-10-04 梅斯医学 MedSci原创

含糖饮料对心血管系统和代谢系统带来的风险包括:肥胖、II型糖尿病、高血压和心脏代谢疾病引起的死亡。

在过去几十年时间里,全球含糖饮料消费不断上升,伴随着肥胖、糖尿病风险的增加。根据柳叶刀2016年全球疾病风险(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)研究,考虑到风险等级的暴露程度和对疾病负担影响的严重程度,含糖饮料的“总暴露值”(summary exposure value)在1990-2016年间上升了40%[1]

含糖饮料对血管系统和代谢系统带来的风险包括:肥胖、II型糖尿病、高血压和心脏代谢疾病引起的死亡。

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2010年的一项研究表明,全球每年有大约178000名患者,因为含糖饮料摄入过多引起的糖尿病和心血管疾病而死亡[2]
 
关于含糖饮料与癌症风险的研究,2019年发表在BMJ的一项超10万人,历时9年的大型人口数据调查研究表明,平均每天摄入100ml的含糖饮料增加全癌风险达18%,其中乳腺癌更是高达22%,100%的纯果汁也不例外[3]
 
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这项研究纳入了101257名参与者(21.3%男性和78.7%女性),平均年龄在42.2岁(,通过重复记录24小时饮食了解参与者含糖饮料摄入情况。
 
在跟踪调查过程中(历时493884人年,平均跟踪年限5.1年)共有2193人首次查出癌症,包括693例乳腺癌,291例前列腺癌和166例结肠癌
 
平均每天摄入100ml的含糖饮料,增加全癌风险18%,其中乳腺癌风险提高22%。100%果汁同样不能幸免,每天摄入100ml果汁,全癌风险提高12%。
 
值得一提的是,本研究未能发现含糖饮料摄入与结肠癌、前列腺癌发病风险的关系,而其他研究则显示含糖饮料的摄入增加了这两种疾病的发病风险,可能是源于不同的研究含糖饮料的摄入量存在差异,对癌症结果造成不同的影响。
 
2021年发表在Gut的一项研究显示,每天摄入2份以上的含糖饮料,将导致女性患早发性结肠癌风险增加118%,每天摄入1份含糖饮料,则会导致早发性结肠癌风险提高16%[4]
 
2018年发布的一项研究,纳入了22720名参与癌症筛查试验的男性,证明日常摄入含糖饮料在人群前25%的男性,患前列腺癌的概率升高了21%[5]
 
还有一些研究证明摄入含糖饮料和胰腺癌、胆囊癌、子宫内膜癌等发生有关,然而也有不同的声音出现。
 
比如2019年Milajerdi等人发表的meta分析,收集整理了2017年之前关于饮料摄入和胰腺癌发病的关系,结果发现饮料摄入和胰腺癌的发生没有关联性[6]
 
2014年发表的一篇囊括37项研究的meta分析得出:碳酸饮料的摄入和全癌发病率及不同发生部位的癌症,包括胰腺癌、胆囊癌、肾癌、胃肠道腺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌,均没有关联性[7]
 
研究人员猜测这些meta分析之所以没能发现含糖饮料与癌症的相关性,有一个很重要的原因是,这些研究没有严格将含糖饮料和“人工甜味剂添加饮料”区分开来,因为这两种饮料对癌症发病的影响可能并不一样,因此,在后来的研究中,越来越多的研究人员开始区分这两者[8],正如BMJ这篇文章分别分析含糖饮料和“人工甜味剂添加饮料”对癌症的影响,得出:含糖饮料提高全癌发生率,而“人工甜味剂添加饮料”则对癌症发生没有显著关联性。
 
另一方面,癌症的发生需要经年累月的影响,5年、10年的观察期可能不足以观察到症发生,未来继续长期观察这些研究参与人员的癌症发生情况是很重要的,这也是这项BMJ研究的下一个10年计划。
含糖饮料是如何致癌的?
 
含糖饮料为什么致癌,要从过度肥胖和血糖升高、胰岛素耐受紊乱说起。
 
过度肥胖是多种癌症的强风险因子,包括食管癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、胆囊癌、肝癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、肺癌[9]
 
然而在BMJ的这项研究中,BMI和体重改变似乎并不是含糖饮料致癌的关键,关键在于内脏脂肪的改变。不论体重有没有发生变化,含糖饮料促进内脏脂肪堆积,内脏脂肪分泌的脂肪因子改变,炎症因子分泌增多,释放到外周循环,促进远处肿瘤形成。
 
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含糖饮料高升糖指数和血糖负担,造成胰岛素耐受破坏,提高血液中胰岛素水平和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)水平。胰岛素和IGF是细胞增殖和凋亡的主要影响因子,因此可能参与肿瘤形成[10]高血糖负担还会促进体内促炎因子和C反应蛋白释放,增加某些癌症,如乳腺癌的发病风险。
 
除了肥胖和升糖作用,含糖饮料中的某些物质,如4-甲基咪唑,它是由糖和氨基酸在美拉德反应中形成的一种典型的饮料焦糖色素,也可能引起癌症发生。
 
2007年美国国家毒理学计划(the National Toxicology Program)将4-甲基咪唑列为致癌化合物,2011年加利福尼亚州在65号提案中也将4-甲基咪唑列为致癌物,并提出其安全剂量在29ug/天。长期服用4-甲基咪唑,与小鼠肺泡、支气管新生物形成相关[11]
 
 
如何减少含糖饮料摄入?
 
提高含糖饮料税收成为一项有利的政策措施限制人群含糖饮料摄入量,促进饮料生产商进行产品转型,减少饮料中糖分含量。
 
目前针对含糖饮料的税收分为3种类型,包括根据饮料液体体积($0.01/oz)、糖含量分级(<5g/8oz:无税,5-20g/8oz:$0.01/oz,>20g/8oz:$0.02/oz)、绝对糖含量(每茶匙糖 $0.01)进行征税。
 
Circulation上的一项研究比较了三种征税方式能够带来的健康效益和经济效益,发现按体积征收糖税,能够避免每年850000例心血管疾病,以及269000例糖尿病的发生,产生244万质量调整生存年(quality-adjusted life-years),以及532亿美元净增殖。而按糖含量分级和绝对含糖量进行征税,健康获益和经济获益将是第一种方式的两倍[12]
 
目前实施按饮料液体体积征税的国家有美国、墨西哥、比利时、文莱、挪威和菲律宾;按糖含量分级征税的国家有英国、智利、法国、爱尔兰、葡萄牙、西班牙;按绝对糖含量征税的国家有南非、斯里兰卡、毛里求斯等。国内目前还未开始针对含糖饮料征收糖税。
 
为了健康,各国都在拼!在政策方面,制定更合适的糖税制度,减少居民购买,促进饮料产业转型。同时,加强医疗卫生宣传,让更多人意识到含糖饮料对身体的危害。在了解含糖饮料促进肥胖、II型糖尿病、心血管疾病以及癌症的巨大危害后,通过限制含糖饮料的摄入,我们最终离健康又更近一步!
 
参考文献:
1.Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017. 390(10100): p. 1345-1422.
2.Singh, G.M., et al., Estimated Global, Regional, and National Disease Burdens Related to Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in 2010. Circulation, 2015. 132(8): p. 639-66.
3.Chazelas, E., et al., Sugary drink consumption and risk of cancer: results from  NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. Bmj, 2019. 366: p. l2408.
4.Hur, J., et al., Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women. Gut, 2021.
5.Miles, F.L., M.L. Neuhouser, and Z.F. Zhang, Concentrated sugars and incidence of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort. Br J Nutr, 2018. 120(6): p. 703-710.
6.Milajerdi, A., B. Larijani, and A. Esmaillzadeh, Sweetened Beverages Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer, 2019. 71(3): p. 375-384.
7.Boyle, P., A. Koechlin, and P. Autier, Sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and cancer risk: meta-analysis and review. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2014. 23(5): p. 481-90.
8.Llaha, F., et al., Consumption of Sweet Beverages and Cancer Risk. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients, 2021. 13(2).
9.World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective . Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018.https:/ /www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Summary-third-expert-report.pdf.
10.Giovannucci, E., Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and colon cancer: a review of the evidence. J Nutr, 2001. 131(11 Suppl): p. 3109s-20s.
11.Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 4-methylimidazole (Cas No. 822-36-6) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser, 2007(535): p. 1-274.
12.Lee, Y., et al., Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Volume, Tiered, and Absolute Sugar Content Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Policies in the United States: A Microsimulation Study. Circulation, 2020. 142(6): p. 523-534.

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    2021-12-07 gaoxiaoe
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    2021-10-14 ambuache

    糖税

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849310, encodeId=73a11849310b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Tue Dec 07 08:28:53 CST 2021, time=2021-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1815123, encodeId=4256181512347, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a4679e00937' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#长期摄入#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97009, encryptionId=a4679e00937, topicName=长期摄入)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a0802500050, createdName=肉我只吃一口, createdTime=Fri Aug 19 01:28:53 CST 2022, time=2022-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1060547, encodeId=ef6b106054e65, content=糖税, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=61435553221, createdName=ambuache, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 19:57:20 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059964, encodeId=241a105996413, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=db735475874, createdName=ms4000001192359930, createdTime=Tue Oct 12 23:13:15 CST 2021, time=2021-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1057745, encodeId=e7f8105e7450d, content=合理的膳食非常重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210804/5785b262ac614e2787c8b09e8d8ae840/5cf1162cd10d42bc817ae4b32662d7f8.jpg, createdBy=c27d4938136, createdName=小小的丁香花, createdTime=Tue Oct 05 07:27:45 CST 2021, time=2021-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-12 ms4000001192359930

    学习了

    0

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    2021-10-05 小小的丁香花

    合理的膳食非常重要

    0