Cell:中枢神经系统水肿(脑或脊髓肿胀)有救了!

2020-05-20 Lauren 转化医学网

导言:脑或脊髓肿胀(称为中枢神经系统水肿)是中枢神经系统含水量增加的结果,可在创伤、感染、肿瘤生长或血液供应受阻后发生,创伤性损伤和中风是导致中枢神经系统水肿的主要原因;根据世界卫生组织的数据,全球每

导言:脑或脊髓肿胀(称为中枢神经系统水肿)是中枢神经系统含水量增加的结果,可在创伤、感染、肿瘤生长或血液供应受阻后发生,创伤性损伤和中风是导致中枢神经系统水肿的主要原因;根据世界卫生组织的数据,全球每年有6000万人遭受创伤性脑损伤或脊髓损伤,1500万人遭受中风(500万人死亡,另外500万人永久残疾)。根据5月14日发表在《细胞》杂志上的研究表明,靶向水通道蛋白-4亚细胞定位有望治疗中枢神经系统水肿。

科学家们已经找出一种新的治疗方法,可以显著减少大脑和脊髓损伤后的肿胀,这给全世界每年大脑和脊髓损伤的7500万患者带来了希望。

治疗这种被称为中枢神经系统(CNS)水肿的创伤方面的突破被认为是非常重要的,因为当前的选择仅限于让患者处于诱导性昏迷或进行危险的手术。大脑和脊髓的损伤会影响各个年龄组,老年人中风或摔伤的风险更大,而对于年轻人来说,主要原因包括道路交通事故,以及橄榄球、美式足球和其他接触性运动带来的伤害。

一级方程式赛车手迈克尔·舒马赫(Michael Schumacher)的备受瞩目的例子证明,医生目前在治疗这类损伤时仍然有困难。在2013年,舒马赫在瑞士滑雪时摔倒,头部撞到一块岩石上,随后大脑因脑积水冲进受感染的细胞而肿胀。他在药物诱导的昏迷中度过了六个月,接受了复杂的手术,但他的康复一直持续到今天。

这一新的治疗方法是由一个来自阿斯顿大学(英国)、哈佛医学院(美国)、伯明翰大学(英国)、卡尔加里大学(加拿大)、隆德大学(瑞典)、哥本哈根大学(丹麦)和伍尔弗汉普顿大学(英国)的国际科学家小组研发的,发表在最新一期的科学杂志《细胞》上。


研究人员使用了一种获得许可的抗精神药物三氟拉嗪(TFP)来改变水通道蛋白细胞中微小的水孔的行为。

通过对受伤大鼠的治疗测试,研究人员发现,在大鼠损伤部位给予单剂量的药物后,大鼠短短2周内就恢复了完全的运动和灵敏度,而对照组没有给药的大鼠在受伤六周后仍表现出运动和感觉障碍。

这种疗法的作用是抵消细胞对创伤造成的中枢神经系统中大脑和脊髓的缺氧的正常反应。在这样的状态下,由于离子的积聚,细胞很快变得“更咸”,会导致一股水流通过水通道,使细胞肿胀,并对头骨和脊柱施加压力。这种压力的积累会损伤脆弱的大脑和脊髓组织,会扰乱从大脑到身体的电信号的流动,反之亦然。

但是研究人员发现,三氟拉嗪能够阻止这种情况的发生。研究人员将研究重点放在了重要的星形的大脑和脊髓细胞(称为星形胶质细胞)上,他们发现三氟拉嗪阻止了一种称为钙调蛋白的蛋白质与水通道蛋白的结合。正常情况下,这种结合让水通道蛋白射到细胞表面,让更多的水进入细胞。通过让这一反应停止,细胞的渗透性就会降低。

传统上,三氟拉嗪已经被用于治疗精神分裂症和其他精神健康状况的患者,长期使用会伴随副作用,但研究人员表示,他们的实验表明,单次剂量可能会对中枢神经系统水肿患者产生显著的长期影响。

三氟拉嗪已经被美国联邦药品管理局(FDA)和英国国家健康和保健研究所(NICE)批准用于人体,它可以作为脑损伤的一种快速治疗手段。但研究人员也强调,基于对三氟拉嗪特性的理解上,他们会进一步研发出新的、很好的药物。

世界卫生组织表示,每年大约有6000万人遭受脑外伤或脊髓损伤,另有1500万人患有中风。这些损伤可能是致命的,也可能导致长期残疾、心理障碍、药物滥用或自残。

阿斯顿大学生物科学研究小组的罗斯林·比尔(Roslyn Bill)博士表示,“每年有数百万不同年龄段的人遭受大脑和脊髓的损伤,无论是摔倒、事故、道路交通碰撞、运动损伤还是中风。迄今为止在,他们的治疗原则依然非常有限,在许多情况下风险很高。”

比尔表示,“这些发现都是基于细胞在分子水平上如何运作的新理解,给了受伤患者和医生们希望。通过使用一种已经批准可供人类使用的药物,研究人员表示,我们已经展示了如何能够阻止中枢神经系统的肿胀和压力积聚,这是造成长期伤害的原因。虽然进一步的研究将有助于我们完善我们的理解,但令人兴奋的是,医生很快就会有一种有效的、非侵入性的方法来帮助大脑和脊髓损伤的患者。

伯明翰大学炎症和衰老研究所的祖拜尔·艾哈迈德(Zubair Ahmed)表示,“这是目前治疗方法的一个重大进步,目前的治疗方法只治疗大脑和脊髓损伤的症状,但对预防通常由肿胀引起的神经功能障碍却无能为力。这种重新设计的药物给这些患者提供了一个真正的解决方案,而且可以加快用于临床。”

伯明翰大学临床科学研究所的亚里克斯·康纳(Alex Conner)博士表示,“令人惊奇的是,我们研究大脑中微小的水通道的工作可以告诉我们一些关于每年影响数百万人的创伤性脑损伤的信息。”

哈佛医学院细胞生物学研究员莫塔兹·萨勒曼(Mootaz Salman)表示,“这一新颖的治疗方法为患有中枢神经系统损伤的患者带来了希望,有巨大的治疗潜力。我们的研究结果表明,在不远的将来,它可以以降低的成本投入临床应用。”

原始出处:

Philip Kitchen, Mootaz M. Salman, Andrea M. Halsey, et.al. Targeting Aquaporin-4 Subcellular Localization to Treat Central Nervous System Edema. Cell VOLUME 181, ISSUE 4, P784-799.E19, MAY 14, 2020

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    2020-12-18 维他命
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    2020-05-22 小华子
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