AJCN:超加工食品与和心血管及全因死亡风险的关系

2021-01-06 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

UPF的摄入量的增多与多种健康风险增加有关。

加工食品通常是指加入油、糖、盐等材料,加上腌制、发酵等程序以延长食物的食用日期。近年来,在这一基础上,还出现了“超加工食品”这一概念。超加工食品(UPF)往往是指是指工业化生产,并且添加了至少5种以上配料、添加剂的食物。通常除了添加油、糖、盐以为,还添加了香料、色素、保鲜剂、稳定剂和抗氧化剂等添加剂。

典型的代表有可乐等软饮、面包蛋糕、薯片、糖果、能量棒、风味酸奶、汉堡、方便面等。上述食物我们都能识别,但也有一些是好听的“健康食物”,其实也是过度加工食物。比如说自己很适合做饱腹早餐的麦片、某些健康的用粗粮做的高纤饼干等。

2020年美国心脏协会(AHA)学术年会上,美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的一项研究发现,与饮食中UPF热量占比40%的人相比,热量占比超过70%的人,达到理想血管健康的可能性降低一半。也就是说,UPF的消费与心血管疾病,冠心病和脑血管疾病的风险增加有关。

那么,食用UPF与疾病/死亡风险之间关系的主要营养或生物学机制是什么呢?为此,来自HYPERCAN国际研究组的专家对该问题进行了研究。结果发表在营养学顶级杂志《美国临床营养学》(Am J Clin Nutr)杂志上。

研究人员对意大利Moli-sani研究(2005-2010年)中招募的22475名参与者进行了纵向分析,其中平均年龄为55岁,进行了中位为8.2年的随访。通过问卷,研究人员统计了受试者过去1年中不同食物的摄食量,包括新鲜或最低程度加工的食品(如水果、蔬菜、肉和鱼);加工的烹饪食品(如蜂蜜、黄油);含有盐、糖或油的加工食品(如罐装或瓶装蔬菜、豆类、罐装鱼);以及超加工食品(如碳酸饮料、加工肉类),并计算了所有受试者UPF占总能量摄入的比例。

结果发现,平均而言,受试者UPF摄入量约占总能量摄入的10%,约为181.5g/天。其中,试者摄入的3种主要UPF为加工肉类(19.8%)、披萨(16.8%)和蛋糕/馅饼(13.4%)。女性、年龄小以及教育程度更高的受试者UPF摄入往往更高。

相比于UPF摄入量占总能量摄入最低(<6.6%)的受试者,占总能量摄入最高(>14.6%)的受试者,心血管疾病死亡风险增加了58%;缺血性心脏病/脑血管疾病死亡风险增加了52%;全因死亡风险增加了26%。

进一步分析后,研究人员发现,导致死亡风险增加的最大因素可能是超加工食品中含有的添加糖,大约36.3%的缺血性心脏病/脑血管疾病死亡风险增加,与添加糖有关;大约20.1%的全因死亡风险和12.0%的心血管疾病死亡风险增加,与肾功能标志物升高有关。

研究人员认为,UPF增加死亡风险的机制可能与肠道菌群的影响、食物结构和营养变化、较高水平的钠、热量、脂肪和糖,具有较高的升糖指数,增加血糖反应等有关。

综上,该研究表明,UPF的摄入量的增多与多种健康风险增加有关。在健康的饮食习惯中,应尽可能选择新鲜或最少加工的食物以减少超加工食品的食用降低死亡风险。

参考文献:

Bonaccio M, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Moli-sani Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Dec 18:nqaa299. doi:

10.1093/ajcn/nqaa299.

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