长了白斑就是白癜风?这12种疾病同样会导致皮肤变白!

2021-12-17 何程 MedSci原创

不仅仅是白癜风,很多疾病都有可能导致皮肤变白。

皮肤是人体最大的器官,是守护我们健康和美丽的第一道防线。因此,微生物的侵袭、免疫系统的紊乱以及一些基础疾病的发生,都可能在我们的皮肤上留下各种各样的“印记”,我们常常见到的白斑就是一种重要的疾病信号。

白癜风是一种常见于成人的后天性色素脱失性皮肤黏膜病,白癜风的形成主要与皮肤中能够产生黑色素的黑色素细胞被破坏或功能丧失,不能正常“工作”产生黑色素有关。进展期的白癜风与人体的免疫系统有紧密关联。

白癜风常表现为成片的皮肤色素脱失,呈白色,其边缘可有色素沉着,一般无脱屑或出汗过多后加重的情况。白癜风的治疗周期长、易复发,但在发病初期还是相对比较容易控制的,越早治疗,效果越理想。在初发的白斑皮损内,尚存在未被完全破坏的黑色素细胞,在此时明确诊断、及早治疗,可达到理想的治疗效果。

一提到白斑,很多人会最先联想到白癜风。其实,同样是白斑,它可能反映着截然不同的皮肤疾病,如果盲目下判断,甚至急于尝试偏方,不仅有损颜值,还会埋下严重的健康隐患。

现列举五大类疾病,希望对白癜风的鉴别诊断进行较为全面、细致的介绍。

鉴别诊断:

 

一、其他色素障碍性皮肤病

 

1.晕痣(halo nevus):一种获得性、色痣周围出现脱色晕为特征的皮肤病。好发于青少年。

 

病程可分为四期:第一期为色痣周围出现脱色晕,第二期为中央的色痣脱色,第三期为中央的色痣消失,第四期为周围的脱色晕消失。

 

皮损好发于躯干,多为单发,边缘无色素沉着。

 

图片
图1:晕痣在自然光及Wood灯下:a b示典型色素脱失期晕痣;c d示消退期晕痣。(源自:晕痣的流行病学调查、临床特征及皮肤镜表现)

 

2.无色素痣:本病常在出生后或生后不久发病;皮损相对不发展,终生相对位置不变,好发于躯干和四肢近端,常沿神经节段分布;典型皮损为条带状的色素减退斑,而非色素脱失斑,边缘呈锯齿状或泼溅状;皮损区毛发一般不变白;损害一般不累及黏膜。

 

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图2 a:颜面部孤立型无色素痣;b Wood下无色素痣皮损呈灰白色。 

 

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 图3右下肢皮节型无色素痣。图3-4(源自:无色素痣18例临床分析)

 

3. 贫血痣(nevus anemicus):贫血痣系儿茶酚胺使局部血管收缩而致的皮肤苍白,并非黑素细胞异常。本病于生后或儿童期发病,位置和形态相对不变,终生不退;以玻片压皮损边缘时,皮损和周围正常皮肤界限消失;摩擦或加热皮损及其附近,皮损不红,而周围正常皮肤变红,即Darier征阳皮损为色素减退斑,而非色素脱失斑,无色岛,边缘无色素沉着,不累及毛发或黏膜。

 

图片
图4:贫血痣:额部及面颊多发、形状不规则的浅白色斑,摩擦时,局部皮肤不发红,周边皮肤充血明显。(源自:双侧太田痣合并贫血痣一例)

 4.斑驳病(piebaldism):本病系一种常染色体显性遗传病,KIT基因突变使黑素母细胞分化和移行障碍,结果皮肤局部无黑素细胞。本病出生时即有;皮损最好发于额部;色素脱失斑形态不规则,其内有岛状正常皮肤,而不是治疗后出现色岛,皮损边缘无色素沉着;倒三角形或菱形白色额发有特征性;不累及黏膜;可伴眼、耳、唇、齿的畸形及精神神经发育异常。

 

图片

图5:斑驳病患儿及其母面部皮损:额部及顶部均可见白斑,略呈菱形,境界清楚,无鳞屑,部分头发、眉毛亦为白色;患儿白斑中央可见 2 处正常皮岛。(源自:斑驳病)

 

 

5.老年性白斑(senile leukoderma):老年性白斑多见于中老年人;皮损随年龄增加而增多,好发于躯干和四肢,不累及面部,皮损小而圆,白斑略低于周围正常皮肤;皮损区毛发不变白,也不累及黏膜。

 

图片
图6:老年性白斑皮损:皮损形态规则,面积约黄豆大小,周围光滑,无色素加深现象。(源自:白癜风与老年性白斑临床特征和皮损超微结构比较)

 

 

二、遗传相关的色素减退

 

1.白化病(albinism):白化病系酪氨酸酶基因突变所致的皮肤、毛发和眼睛色素完全或部分脱失的一种遗传病。本病出生即发病;皮损全身泛发、对称;毛发变细、黄,而不是变白;伴眼睛的损害和智力障碍等。

 

图片

图7:白化病患儿:毛发呈白色,皮肤呈粉红色,随着日龄增长,皮肤毛发均呈白色。(源自:网络)

 

 2.结节性硬化症(tuberous sclerosis):结节性硬化症是一种由TSC1或TSC2基因突变而致的常染色体显性遗传病。本病的色素脱失斑常呈叶状,出生后即有,叶状白斑边缘无色素沉着,无色岛,不累及毛发和黏膜。

 

图片

图8:结节性硬化症患儿:额部黄色斑块,鼻部、双侧面颊大量粟粒至米粒大小红褐色质硬丘疹;躯干、四肢散在柳叶状白斑。(源自:结节性硬化症一例)

 

3.脱色性色素失禁症(incontinentia pigmenti achromicus):本病系一种常染色体显性遗传病。脱色性色素失禁症多为女婴,生后不久即发病;皮损沿Blaschko线分布,呈线状、涡轮状,分布和皮损形态类似色素失禁症,无色岛,边缘无色素沉着,不累及毛发和黏膜;

 

图片
图9:(正面)躯干、四肢可见特殊形状的色素减退斑,大多数白斑呈线状或旋涡状,边界消楚;图2(背面)躯干、四肢可见特殊形状的色素减退斑,大多数白斑呈线状或旋涡状,边界清楚。(源自:脱色性色素失禁症1例)

 

 

三、恶性肿瘤相关的色素减退

 

1.色素减退性蕈样肉芽肿:本病是一种少见的蕈样肉芽肿,皮肤色素减退系因细胞毒T细胞使黑素细胞上CD117低表达,后者最终导致黑素细胞功能异常或数量减少。该病好发于黑人和亚洲儿童;其皮损除色素减退斑外,可伴红斑、斑块、萎缩和鳞屑,无色素脱失斑,边缘无色素沉着,无色岛,不累及毛发和黏膜

 

图片

图10:全身泛发多发类圆形或圆形色素减退斑,部分白斑中央见暗红色丘疹及斑片(1 A),左手背有两颗高于皮面黑色斑丘疹(1 B)(源自:儿童色素减退型蕈样肉芽肿1例)
 

 

四、炎症后色素减退

 

1.炎症后色素减退(postinflammatory hypopigmentation):炎症后色素减退在出现色素减退斑或脱失斑前有原发疾病(银屑病、特应性皮炎和扁平苔藓等)的特征性皮疹,但边缘无色素沉着,无色岛,不累及毛发和黏膜,数周或数月后皮损可自行消退

 

图片

图11:炎症后色素减少症为黄白色背景,边界模糊,偶可见毛囊周围色素残留

 

2.白色糠疹(pityriasis alba):病因不明,可能与特应性体质、感染、营养不良、维生素缺乏、风吹日晒、肥皂和皮肤干燥等有关。本病多见于儿童,皮损好发于面部;皮损境界不清,上覆鳞屑;无色素脱失斑,边缘无色素沉着,无色岛,不累及毛发和黏膜。

 

图片
图12:白色糠疹为淡黄白色背景,表面有细小或片状白色糠皮,边界模糊,毛囊周围色素残留。
 

 

五、感染相关的色素减退

 

1.进行性斑状色素减退症:本病由Guillet于1988年首报。研究发现,进行性斑状色素减退的发病与痤疮丙酸杆菌有关。本病主要见于青年人,无家族史,出现色素减退斑前无炎症性疾病病史,皮疹呈钱币状,境界不清,边缘无色素沉着,无感觉异常,皮疹主要位于前胸和后背,近身体中线处皮疹融合成大片状

 

图片

图13:进行性斑状色素减少症为浅白色背景,边界模糊,偶可见毛囊周围色素残留;图11-13(源自:皮肤镜对常见色素减退性疾病的临床图像特征分析技术的建立)

 

总结:可见,同样是白斑,它们背后的发生原因却大不相同,如微生物的感染、黑色素细胞被破坏、营养不良等。因此,一旦发现脸上出现白斑,应及时接受检查,排查病因。哪怕是无损于颜值的微小斑点,也要及早就医,以免面积扩大。

参考资料

[1]欧阳恒, 杨志波. 白癜风诊断与治疗[M]. 人民军医出版社, 2013.

[2] 邵长庚. 白癜风与其他皮肤色素减退疾病的鉴别[J]. 中国麻风皮肤病杂志, 2003, 19(3):3.

[3] 张江安, 于建斌. 白癜风的鉴别诊断[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2014, 47(001):72-74.

 

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    2023-12-13 ms6000000013039699 来自河北省

    学习了,感谢分享

    0

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    2022-01-11 ms2000001288999515

    学习啦

    0

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    2022-01-06 ms2000001288999515

    学习啦

    0

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    2021-12-18 李方长

    感谢分享

    0

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    2021-12-17 50277

    不是同个病,只能说有关联

    0

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