Nature:母乳喂养可以调节新生儿肠道病毒定植?

2020-04-21 生物探索 生物探索

健康新生儿在出生时肠道通常没有病毒,但很快就会有不同病毒细菌定植,某些情况下会导致有些婴儿在出生后的头几个月患有胃肠道疾病,甚至会影响到生命健康。

健康新生儿在出生时肠道通常没有病毒,但很快就会有不同病毒细菌定植,某些情况下会导致有些婴儿在出生后的头几个月患有胃肠道疾病,甚至会影响到生命健康。

那么,这些病毒是如何后来者居上,定植到婴儿肠道的呢?分娩方式和喂养方式对病毒致病会不会有影响?

 

近日,来自宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员对新生儿肠道早期病毒的起源和定植展开了研究,发现婴儿肠道病毒的早期定植是逐步进行的,第一阶段诱导早期细菌的噬菌体产生,第二阶段出现感染人类细胞的病毒的定植,而后者可以通过母乳喂养抑制肠道病毒的积累,减少婴儿肠道病毒感染及病毒性肠胃炎的发生。相关研究于当地时间4月15日发表在《Nature》上。

 

为了研究早期病毒定植,研究者利用荧光染色法分析了20名美国非洲裔健康婴儿出生后3个时期的粪便样本。结果发现:婴儿早期粪便中基本检测不到病毒样颗粒(VLP),但1月龄时每10g粪便中VLP达到1.6×109,4月龄时VLP数量类似,与成年人肠道中病毒样颗粒数接近,此后可能持续存在于整个生命中。

然后研究者利用qPCR和宏基因组测序对富含病毒的样本进行微生物群落分析,以研究病毒种群的起源。发现,细菌丰富度及细菌多样性与VLP计数,病毒丰富度和病毒多样性具有强烈的正相关性。出生后早期,先驱细菌(包括变形杆菌,放线菌,拟杆菌和厚壁菌)在婴儿肠道内定植,然后诱导温和噬菌体逐渐产生,一个月后成为肠道中的主要种群。到第四个月,逐渐出现可感染人细胞的病毒(包括疱疹病毒、腺病毒,指环病毒、杯状病毒科和小RNA病毒)。


婴儿肠道粪便样本中VLP的检测及特征

随后,科研人员对24个婴儿粪便中菌株经培养所产生的VLP进行定量及基因组测序,发现经噬菌体诱导后,婴儿肠道中的细菌能够产生更高水平的VLP,且病毒类群与粪便样本中检测到的一致,表明病毒的产生是由噬菌体诱导引起的。


噬菌体诱导产生早期病毒

研究人员还比较了125个婴儿粪便中VLP数据的特征与喂养历史,分娩方式等间的相关性。发现分娩方式没有明显的影响,而与30%的配方奶喂养的婴儿对感染人细胞的病毒呈阳性反应相比,仅有9%母乳或母乳及配方奶混合喂养的婴儿的病毒反应呈阳性,且益生菌双歧杆菌属和乳杆菌属的温和噬菌体增加,这表明母乳喂养能够抑制病毒定植和积累,保护肠道健康的作用显著。


母乳喂养与婴儿肠道病毒定植

简而言之,新生儿肠道病毒是在早期逐步产生的,而用免疫因子丰富的母乳喂养可以抑制婴儿肠道的病毒定植,这一结果也为早期胃肠道疾病的预防提供了新的策略。

原始来源:
Guanxiang Liang, Chunyu Zhao,et al. The stepwise assembly of the neonatal virome is modulated by breastfeeding. Nature. Published: 15 April 2020

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    2020-08-22 liye789132251
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