Nature :刘如谦团队在单碱基编辑技术治疗早衰症中取得新突破

2021-01-08 BioArt 生物探索

目前早衰症依然缺乏有效的治疗手段,而要直接修复致病点突变实现早衰症的根治更是难上加难。研究者曾尝试采用CRSIPR-Cas9技术敲除LMNA基因的致病拷贝,但这有破坏LMNA基因野生型拷贝的风险。

超过半数的人类遗传病可归因于基因组的点突变,而近半数的致病点突变属于C·G--T·A碱基突变,这其中儿童早衰症(Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome,HGPS)非常具有代表性:绝大多数早衰症患者(>90%)的发病归因于LMNA基因序列第1824位点的C·G--T·A碱基突变,该突变会破坏LMNA基因mRNA的正常剪接过程,导致毒性截短蛋白progerin的出现。Progerin蛋白会干扰LMNA编码的正常核纤层蛋白功能,呈现出负显性突变效应(dominant-negative),最终导致LMNA基因杂合突变携带者出现早衰症。

目前早衰症依然缺乏有效的治疗手段,而要直接修复致病点突变实现早衰症的根治更是难上加难。研究者曾尝试采用CRSIPR-Cas9技术敲除LMNA基因的致病拷贝,但这有破坏LMNA基因野生型拷贝的风险,难以用于临床治疗。近年来,可实现A·T--G·C碱基对转换的新型单碱基编辑器ABE(Adenine Base Editor)的出现,让早衰症治疗有了新的希望。理论而言,ABE能够直接逆转早衰症的致病点突变(c.1824 C>T)实现早衰症的根治。

2021年1月6日,来自哈佛大学Broad研究所的David R. Liu实验室与NIH美国国家人类基因组研究所(NHGRI)的Francis S. Collins实验室以及范德堡大学医学中心的Jonathan D. Brown实验室合作在Nature发表题为In vivo base editing rescues Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome in mice的论文。文章证实了单碱基编辑工具ABE在早衰治疗中的巨大潜力。

研究指出,在低脱靶风险的条件下,ABE能直接逆转早衰小鼠模型中的致病点突变并明显改善模型的多种症状,且单次注射携ABE的AAV病毒便能显著延长其寿命。

研究伊始,根据致病点突变LMNA c.1824 C>T在基因组中的位置特征,研究者选取PAM序列为NGA的SpCas9突变体SpCas9-VRQR构建适用于早衰症治疗的单碱基编辑系统ABEmax-VRQR。随后研究者选取两名早衰症患者的上皮细胞验证ABEmax-VRQR修复效率。结果显示,患者上皮细胞中,ABEmax-VRQR对LMNA c.1824 C>T致病点突变的修复效率均超过80%。此外,修复后的上皮细胞中LMNA基因mRNA的异常剪接和毒性截短蛋白progerin的水平均明显降低,而正常核纤层蛋白的表达水平有部分恢复,细胞核形态也有明显改观。

已有研究指出,单碱基编辑工具ABE在DNA水平和RNA水平均有不同程度的脱靶风险。为此,研究者在患者上皮细胞中对ABEmax-VRQR的脱靶风险进行系统分析,结果显示其脱靶风险非常有限,具有很高的安全性。

随后研究者选用纯合的转基因早衰小鼠模型(C57BL/6-tg(LMNA*G608G)HClns/J)开展后续的基因治疗实验。该模型具有早衰症的核心表型,包括血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC) 缺陷、脱毛、皮下脂肪缺失、肌肉骨骼异常和寿命缩短。

目前在体基因治疗中安全性最高的病毒递送系统是AAV系统,研究者早前也已开发出基于AAV递送系统的ABE治疗工具。考虑到早衰小鼠模型的多种组织和器官均有明显异常,研究者选择具有多组织感染能力的AAV9亚型用于ABEmax-VRQR的递送以开展治疗实验,给药方式则选择后眼窝给药(P3和P14给药)和腹腔注射给药(P14给药)两种方式。

研究者首先对早衰小鼠模型中的点突变修复效率进行评估。结果显示,P14治疗的修复效率要优于P3,这或是因为P14小鼠可注射的病毒量更多。研究还指出,单次AAV病毒注射便能取得较好的修复效果:六周龄小鼠的不同组织中,致病点突变的修复效率可达10-60%。

随后研究者对治疗后的小鼠进行长期观察以评估治疗效果。结果发现,六月龄小鼠不同组织中的致病点突变修复效率较六周龄小鼠有明显的提高,表明ABE的治疗具有持久性。此外,六月龄小鼠各组织中毒性截短蛋白progerin在RNA水平和蛋白水平均有明显减少,进一步证实了ABE治疗的有效性。

研究者还对治疗后早衰小鼠的各种表型进行了系统评估。血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)缺陷方面,六月龄时,P3治疗能明显增加截面中VSMC的数目,但对其外膜厚度无明显改善;而P14治疗则能完全修正VSMC的数目和外膜厚度的缺陷。此外,免疫荧光染色结果显示,P14治疗后,六月龄小鼠动脉中VSMCs的数目有明显恢复,核纤层蛋白表达恢复正常且几无毒性蛋白progerin的表达。最后,小鼠寿命分析结果表明,单碱基编辑治疗能显著延长早衰小鼠模型的寿命:P3治疗的早衰小鼠寿命从189天延长至337天,而P14治疗的早衰小鼠寿命从215天延长至510天。

研究者注意到,5/9只(9只衰老死亡小鼠的尸检中,5只发现了肝癌)接受AAV治疗的小鼠患有肝癌。随后的全基因组测序指出,AAV病毒会整合进基因组中,因此存在一定的安全风险。不过全基因组测序分析和ATAC-seq分析则表明,单碱基编辑工具ABE本身并无明显的安全风险,肝癌的发生很可能与ABE工具无关。此外,考虑到本研究中的早衰小鼠模型是转基因模型,除携带人源的突变型LMNA基因外,还携带有促肝癌风险的人源RAB25基因,因此,单碱基编辑治疗早衰的安全风险仍有待进一步探索。

总体而言,本研究利用单碱基编辑技术ABE成功的实现了早衰小鼠模型的基因治疗,这为单碱基编辑工具在基因治疗领域的应用奠定了坚实的基础。这一研究在细胞和动物水平系统性的评估了ABE系统的治疗效果和安全风险,这也将更好的指导单碱基编辑工具的优化与改进,为其临床转化应用指明了方向。

原始出处:

Luke W Koblan, Michael R Erdos, Christopher Wilson, et al.In vivo base editing rescues Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome in mice.Nature. 2021 Jan 6.doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-03086-7. Online ahead of print. 

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    2021-12-03 zxxiang
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    2021-01-09 ms2000000822760083

    大佬厉害了。

    0

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    2021-01-08 zb1235672
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    2021-01-08 124bf7f0m69暂无昵称

    点赞

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