Nature Methods:科学家们研发出一种人工受体,或将强化抗肿瘤疫苗

2018-01-24 佚名 生物探索

树突状细胞(DC)是一种功能强大的抗原呈递细胞,是抗肿瘤免疫疗法的关键细胞。现在,科学家们研发出一种人工受体,能够改善DC呈递抗原的方式,提高免疫细胞识别、攻击肿瘤细胞的效率。这一研究于1月22日在线发表在《Nature methods》期刊。

免疫疗法是癌症治疗史上的一大突破,但是目前却不能“广而有效”,相反,只有少数实体瘤患者响应这一疗法。科学家们正试图提高它的精确度和强度。

很多实验室将目光锁定在树突状细胞(DC)上,这是一类诱导机体产生免疫反应的核心细胞,负责识别特定抗原,并将其处理、呈递为杀手T细胞,促进它们攻击入侵者。科学家们希望研发出树突状细胞疫苗对抗肿瘤。

DC疫苗

如何制定疫苗?科学家从患者体内取出树突状细胞,“强制喂食”特定的肿瘤抗原,再将其注入患者体内。这一想法旨在促进树突状细胞调动杀手T细胞消灭肿瘤细胞的能力。

目前,树突状细胞疫苗已经在临床上取得了一定的成功,但是仍然面临着很多未知和问题。例如,用于“喂食”树突状细胞的肿瘤抗原通常并不来源于患者的肿瘤,而是取自实验室培养的细胞(仅与患者体内的部分相似)。这会限制疫苗的力量,因为它能识别、呈递的抗原可能不同于患者肿瘤携带的抗原,最终导致杀手T细胞不能正确识别、攻击肿瘤。

解决方案

来自于瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院(EPFL)的Michele De Palma教授希望解决这一问题。他们研发了一种人工受体——EVIR(extracellular vesicle-internalizing receptors),能够让疫苗中的树突状细胞有选择地捕获来源于患者肿瘤的抗原。

EVIR受体的奇妙之处在于,能够识别外泌体(exosomes,由肿瘤细胞分泌的一类小囊泡)上的蛋白质。外泌体包含多种肿瘤抗原,与肿瘤生长、转移等过程都有着特定的关联。

研究人员用EVIR受体修饰树突状细胞,使得后者能够捕获来源于肿瘤的外泌体,并刺激原本位于外泌体表面的肿瘤抗原直接转移至树突状细胞的外膜上。“我们将这一现象称为‘换装’(cross-dressing),与传统的抗原呈递路径不一样,绕开了复杂的分子相互作用。”Michele De Palma解释道。

文章第一作者Mario Leonardo Squadrito认为:“EVIR技术利用了一种自然现象,即肿瘤细胞会释放携带有抗原的外泌体。”

这一研究开辟了一种新途径,有助于开发更先进、有效的抗癌疗法。虽然这一新技术有望提高树突状细胞疫苗的疗效和特异性,但是距离真正的临床应用还需要更多的研究工作。

原始出处:

Mario Leonardo Squadrito, Chiara Cianciaruso, Sarah K Hansen,et al. EVIR: chimeric receptors that enhance dendritic cell cross-dressing with tumor antigens. Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4579.

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    2018-05-09 liye789132251
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    2018-05-22 一闲
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    2018-01-26 lqvr
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    2018-01-24 139****0239

    henhao

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