Science:重大发现!从结构上揭示基因特异性转录激活蛋白工作机制

2016-06-14 佚名 生物谷

在一项新的研究中,来自美国罗格斯大学的研究人员发现一种基因特异性转录激活复合物的三维结构,并且首次在结构上和机制上描述了细胞用来开启或者说激活特异性基因以应对细胞形状、发育状态和环境的变化的过程。相关研究结果发表在2016年6月10日的Science期刊上,论文标题为“Structural basis of transcription activation”。 转录是细胞采取一系列步骤读



在一项新的研究中,来自美国罗格斯大学的研究人员发现一种基因特异性转录激活复合物的三维结构,并且首次在结构上和机制上描述了细胞用来开启或者说激活特异性基因以应对细胞形状、发育状态和环境的变化的过程。相关研究结果发表在2016年6月10日的Science期刊上,论文标题为“Structural basis of transcription activation”。 

转录是细胞采取一系列步骤读取DNA中遗传信息的第一步。

在这项研究中,来自罗格斯大学的Richard Ebright、Yu Feng和Yu Zhang证实一种转录激活蛋白(transcription activator protein, 也译作转录激活因子)如何与细胞用来进行转录的RNA聚合酶相互作用。他们也证实这种转录激活蛋白如何协助RNA聚合酶在基因前面的特异性位点上结合到DNA双螺旋上,以及这种转录激活蛋白如何协助RNA聚合酶让DNA双螺旋解旋从而启动基因转录。

研究人员证实这种转录激活蛋白的功能就是它结合到靶基因前面的特异性DNA序列上,并与RNA聚合酶之间发生粘附的类似尼龙搭扣(Velcro-like)的相互作用,这种相互作用让RNA聚合酶与附近的DNA序列的接触稳定化。

研究人员进一步证实这种转录激活蛋白与RNA聚合酶发生两次独立的先后发生的相互作用:第一次相互作用协助RNA聚合酶结合到DNA双螺旋上,第二次相互作用协助RNA聚合酶将DNA双螺旋解旋。

Ebright说:“确定一种基因特异性的转录激活复合物的结构是科学家们将近40年的目标。”

英国伯明翰大学生物化学教授Steve Busby(未参与这项研究)说:“这是一篇具有里程碑意义的论文。我们首次拥有靶基因启动子上转录激活的完整分子图像。之前的报道已描述了这种过程的组分,或者依赖于更低分辨率数据的重建。在这项最新的论文中,Ebright和同事们利用来自在高温下生长的细菌的组分破解了这个问题。结果就是解决了转录激活蛋白如何工作的一些基础问题,而且也利用这种嗜热细菌系统揭示出一些意料之外的差异,这就说明了一种基础机制在进化树的不同分支中是如何被精心设计的。”

在这项研究中,研究人员确定的结构是来自嗜热栖热菌(Thermus thermophilus)的含转录激活蛋白TTHB099(transcription activator protein TTHB099, TAP)转录激活复合物的结构。鉴于TAP在序列和结构上与典型的最有名的细菌转录激活蛋白——降解物活化蛋白(catabolite activator protein, CAP),也被称作环腺苷酸受体蛋白质(cyclic AMP receptor protein, CRP)——存在密切的关联性,这些结果为理解细菌转录激活提供一个框架。同时鉴于细菌和高等生物中的转录复合体在结构上和机制上也存在关联性,这种结构也为理解包括人类在内的高等生物中的转录和转录调节提供一个框架。

这种结构确定了RNA聚合酶和转录起始因子σ与靶基因上游的DNA序列之间的相互作用。这种结构也确定了TAP与DNA序列、RNA聚合酶和转录起始因子σ之间的相互作用。

TAP识别并结合靶基因上游的特异性DNA序列。它通过将一对α-螺旋插入到DNA双螺旋的沟中和检测DNA碱基对边缘的功能性基团来识别特异性的DNA序列。

这种结构表明DNA结合TAP(即结合到DNA序列上的TAP)的一个暴露的表面(被称作AR4)与RNA聚合酶α亚基羧基端结构域进行蛋白间接触。这种相互作用是在RNA聚合酶初始结合到DNA序列之前或期间发生,协助RNA聚合酶结合到DNA序列上。这种结构还表明DNA结合TAP的两个其他暴露的表面(被称作AR2和AR3)与RNA聚合酶β亚基之间和也与转录起始因子σ之间进行蛋白间接触。这两种相互作用仅在RNA聚合酶初步结合到DNA序列后发生,协助RNA聚合酶和转录起始因子σ对DNA序列进行解旋。

AR4相互作用以及AR2和AR3相互作用都是简单的粘附的类似尼龙搭扣的相互作用,因而能够起着让RNA聚合酶和转录起始因子σ与TAP结合的DNA序列附近的DNA片段之间的接触稳定化的作用。这两组相互作用的不同功能结果——AR4相互作用促进DNA结合,而AR2和AR3相互作用促进DNA解旋——起源自相互作用的时间选择,而不是起源自相互作用性质上的差异。

美国哈佛医学院微生物学与免疫学教授Ann Hochschild(未参与这项研究)说:“这篇论文提供转录激活过程眼花缭乱的图片。Ebright和同事们呈现出捕捉一种结合到DNA序列上的转录激活蛋白和RNA聚合酶(基因表达的一种重要的酶)之间相互作用网络的晶体结构。这些结构分析支持一种针对转录激活蛋白功能的优雅的统一机制。”


原始出处:
Yu Feng, Yu Zhang, Richard H. Ebright. Structural basis of transcription activation. Science. 2016 Jun. 

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    2016-06-16 jichang
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    2016-06-15 lyh994

    看(⊙o⊙)懂了吗?

    0

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