Nature:科学家发明“分子诱饵”,不用抗生素也能除掉细菌

2017-06-16 佚名 生物探索

抗生素耐药性问题是当今全球卫生面临的最大威胁之一。老牌抗生素耐药率不断升高,而近30年来又没有新的抗生素被发现或合成。这意味着,我们最终可能没有抗生素能对抗不断出现的耐药菌。因此,除了抗生素,科学家们也在努力寻找其他的抗菌方法。近日,华盛顿大学医学院的一项研究发现,一种分子诱饵可以靶向作用于肠道中能引起尿路感染的大肠杆菌,减少致病菌的同时不影响其他微生物组成。该研究发表于6月14日的Nature期

抗生素耐药性问题是当今全球卫生面临的最大威胁之一。老牌抗生素耐药率不断升高,而近30年来又没有新的抗生素被发现或合成。这意味着,我们最终可能没有抗生素能对抗不断出现的耐药菌。因此,除了抗生素,科学家们也在努力寻找其他的抗菌方法。近日,华盛顿大学医学院的一项研究发现,一种分子诱饵可以靶向作用于肠道中能引起尿路感染的大肠杆菌,减少致病菌的同时不影响其他微生物组成。该研究发表于6月14日的Nature期刊上。

本研究的资深作者Scott J. Hultgren教授表示:“我们研究的最终目标是帮助患者处理并预防复发性尿路感染的常见问题,同时帮助解决全球抗菌素耐药性危机。”

由尿道致病性大肠杆菌(uropathogenic Escherichia coli,UPEC)引起的尿路感染(Urinary tract infections,UTIs)每年在全世界范围内影响着约1.5亿人。尿路感引起疼痛,排尿灼热和尿频。严重时,感染可以传播到肾脏和血液,甚至会危及生命。尽管抗生素能够有效治疗,但30-50%的患者会经历复发。并且,尿道致病性大肠杆菌对最后一线抗生素的耐药性越来越强,使尿路感染成了抗生素耐药问题发生的“重灾区”。

因此,研究人员希望能找到一些新方法,减少肠道内尿道致病性大肠杆菌的数量,或许就能降低尿路感染的风险,并预防一些复发性感染。

诱饵分子与细菌菌毛结合,使其无法附着于肠道

在大肠杆菌中,有一组专门负责编码菌毛的基因,细菌表面的菌毛允许它们能够附着在组织上,如同一个分子“魔术贴”。没有这种菌毛,细菌就无法在肠道里生长。早期研究发现,这些菌毛能够附着在膀胱表面的甘露糖(mannose)上。 进而“抓住”膀胱上的甘露糖受体,因此细菌能够避免在人们排尿时被清除。而缺乏这种菌毛的细菌不能在小鼠中引起尿路感染。

大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛FimH黏附素使其能够与甘露糖结合“抓住”膀胱上的甘露糖受体。图片来源:维基百科

此前,Hultgren和共同作者,华盛顿大学生物化学和分子生物物理学副教授James W. Janetka博士,通过化学修饰甘露糖,构建了一组名为甘露糖苷(mannosides)的分子。这种分子与甘露糖类似,但它们能够通过菌毛更紧密地与细菌结合。然而,与甘露糖受体不同,这些甘露糖苷不附着于膀胱壁,因此与甘露糖苷结合的细菌被尿液冲洗出来。研究人员认为,甘露糖苷能够竞争性地与菌毛结合,因此通过甘露糖苷处理可以减少肠道中大肠杆菌的数量,并可能阻止细菌扩散到膀胱。

为了验证这个猜想,他们将大肠杆菌的致病菌株引入小鼠的膀胱和肠道内。研究人员给予小鼠三次口服剂量的甘露糖苷,然后在给予最后一剂甘露糖苷后检测小鼠膀胱和胆汁中的细菌数量。他们发现,致病细菌几乎被完全从膀胱中消除,在肠道中减少了一百倍。

该论文第一作者Spaulding说:“虽然我们并没有完全消除这种肠道细菌,但结果仍然很有希望。减少肠道中致病细菌的数量意味着它们进入尿道导致尿路感染的可能性更少。”

甘露糖苷减少致病菌水平。图片来源:Nature

甘露糖苷对无害菌群影响更小

研究人员研究的菌毛类型在大肠杆菌的大多数菌株和一些相关的细菌种类中也发现。理论上,甘露糖苷处理可能导致肠道中带有同种菌毛的其他细菌被清除,就像抗生素治疗杀掉目标以外的细菌一样。消除无害细菌可能扰乱菌群平衡,导致肠道疾病,这也是广谱抗生素治疗的风险之一。

研究人员测量了甘露糖苷治疗后肠道微生物组成。他们发现,和致病菌相比,甘露糖苷对其他细菌的影响较小。这与用抗生素治疗后观察到的多种微生物丰度变化形成鲜明对照。

“这一发现令人兴奋,因为我们开发出一种像分子手术刀一样的治疗剂,”Spaulding说,“它能特异性地清除目标细菌,同时又保留其余微生物群落的完整性。”

此外,由于甘露糖苷不是抗生素,它可能用于治疗由耐药菌株引起的尿路感染。尿路感染占美国每年所有抗生素处方的百分之九,因此这种避免使用抗生素治疗的方法有助于抑制抗生素耐药性的发展和传播。

不过,这项在小鼠模型中进行的研究还需要进一步验证才能确定这种方法是否适用于人类。
文章出处:
Caitlin N. Spaulding et al.Selective depletion of uropathogenic E. coli from the gut by a FimH antagonist.Nature (2017) doi:10.1038/nature22972.14 June 2017

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    2017-08-22 liye789132251
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    2017-06-25 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

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    2017-06-19 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,值得拜读

    0

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    2017-06-16 天涯183

    非常好的文章,学习了,很受益

    0

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    2017-06-16 lyh994

    基因工程大显身手的地方

    0

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    2017-06-16 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2017-06-16 daiyaozu

    学习了,不错

    0