BMJ:自然流产史与女性过早死亡风险增加有关,特别是心血管疾病死亡风险

2021-03-25 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

有人推测自然流产可能引发级联反应,进而导致过早死亡,这其中也可能与心血管疾病的风险因素相互作用。

到2030年将非传染性疾病导致的过早死亡人数减少三分之一是联合国的一项可持续发展目标。迫切需要查明导致非传染性疾病死亡的风险因素,以突出干预的重点。

尽管影响男性和女性的传统风险因素(如吸烟、超重和肥胖以及缺乏运动)解释了全球非传染性疾病死亡的大部分原因,但越来越多的证据表明,女性特有的生殖因素与非传染性疾病死亡的更大风险有关。即使生殖事件不会增加因非传染性疾病死亡的风险,它们也可以作为对导致不良生殖结果和非传染性疾病死亡的潜在风险因素的早期压力测试。

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自然流产是妊娠最常见的不良后果之一,发生率为12-24%。大量证据表明,有自然流产史的妇女患非传染性疾病的风险更大,包括高血压、血管疾病和2型糖尿病

然而,将自然流产与死亡率联系起来的证据很少,而且不一致。此外,这种联系是否受到自发流产次数或首次自然流产年龄的影响尚不清楚。为了克服这些局限性,有研究者在Nurses Health Study II队列研究的参与者中调查了自然流产与各种原因和特定过早死亡的关系。Nurses Health Study II是一项持续进行的前瞻性队列研究,对象为育龄妇女(基线年龄为25-42岁),持续随访30年,定期更新生殖特征、生活方式和健康相关因素。该研究结果近日发表在BMJ期刊上。

本研究是一项前瞻性队列研究,共纳入生活在美国14个州之一的116429名育龄(25-42岁)女性护士。参与者每两年向研究者发放一份调查表,收集有关生殖史、个人特征、生活方式因素和疾病发生的信息。如果参与者在招募时有怀孕史或在2009年随访期间报告有怀孕史(n=101 852),则有资格纳入当前的分析。目前的分析中纳入的女性总数为101 681人。

通过两年一次的问卷调查,确定6个月以下妊娠的自然流产发生率。根据自然流产的发生率,用时间相关Cox比例风险模型估计所有原因和原因特异性早死的风险比和95%置信区间。

在24年的随访中,记录到2936例过早死亡,其中1346例死于癌症,269例死于心血管疾病。有和无自然流产史的妇女的粗全因死亡率相当(两组均为1.24/1000人-年),但有三次或三次以上自然流产史的妇女(1.47/1000人-年)和24岁前报告首次自然流产的妇女(1.69/1000人-年)的粗全因死亡率较高。随访期间全因早死的相应年龄校正危险比分别为1.02(95%可信区间0.94~1.11)、1.39(1.03~1.86)和1.27(1.11~1.46)。

在校正混杂因素和更新的饮食和生活方式因素后,自然流产的发生率与1.19的危险比相关,对于在妇女生育期早期发生的自然流产,当评估原因特异性死亡率时,自然流产与早死的关系显示死于心血管疾病的人数最多(1.48,1.09-1.99)。自然流产与癌症早死无关(1.08,0.94~1.24)。

根据101681名妇女自然流产的总体发生率调整了所有原因和特定过早死亡

自然流产与过早死亡风险增加有关,特别是心血管疾病死亡风险增加。自然流产和心血管疾病之间的联系可能反映了一些共同机制。例如,胰岛素抵抗、慢性肾脏疾病和免疫紊乱都与自然流产和心血管疾病的临床危险因素有关。同样,内皮功能障碍与自然流产有关——能引起胎盘缺陷,也与心血管、微血管和稳态功能障碍的发病机制有关。一些遗传或表观遗传特征也可能使妇女易患自然流产和心血管疾病,这一点得到了反复自然流产妇女的父母冠心病发病率较高的发现的支持。

此外,有人推测自然流产可能引发级联反应,进而导致过早死亡,这其中也可能与心血管疾病的风险因素相互作用。为了支持这一假设,Wagner和同事发现,有反复妊娠史的妇女表现出促炎状态,体现为高敏C反应蛋白水平的增加,这与未来心血管疾病的风险密切相关。需要进一步的研究来理解自然流产与心血管疾病导致的过早死亡之间的潜在机制。

参考文献:Association of spontaneous abortion with all cause and cause specific premature mortality: prospective cohort study BMJ 2021; 372 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n530 (Published 24 March 2021)Cite this as: BMJ 2021;372:n530

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    2021-11-07 gaoxiaoe
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    2021-03-25 14716fd8m27暂无昵称

    学习了

    0