Science:两款个体化肿瘤疫苗成功阻止黑色素瘤复发

2017-04-18 药明康德 药明康德

多年以来,科学家们都希望能够发明一种疫苗,它可以让癌症患者将肿瘤视为外来入侵者并将其清理出去。在今年的美国癌症研究学会(AACR)年会上,来自美国波士顿Dana-Farber癌症研究所(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute)的一个团队展示的最新结果,朝着这个目标迈出了坚实的一步。他们开发了基于每位患者肿瘤所特有基因突变的个性化疫苗,在黑色素瘤患者中取得了良好的效果,成功地防止了


(Science)

多年以来,科学家们都希望能够发明一种疫苗,它可以让癌症患者将肿瘤视为外来入侵者并将其清理出去。在今年的美国癌症研究学会(AACR)年会上,来自美国波士顿Dana-Farber癌症研究所(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute)的一个团队展示的最新结果,朝着这个目标迈出了坚实的一步。他们开发了基于每位患者肿瘤所特有基因突变的个性化疫苗,在黑色素瘤患者中取得了良好的效果,成功地防止了患者在手术后的复发。

过去,许多癌症疫苗的研究都是针对癌细胞上的一个特定蛋白,但这些尝试没有取得很好的效果。这次,科学家们尝试了一种不同的方法,这种新的个性化疫苗中包含的是多个患者体内癌细胞上出现的“新抗原”(neoantigen),也就是那些在肿瘤中才出现的新的蛋白突变。由于这些新突变在健康细胞上并不存在,因此免疫系统可以将它们认为是外来细胞而加以攻击。

基于新抗原的肿瘤疫苗开发(图片来源:《Clinical Cancer Research》)

两年前,由华裔科学家Catherine Wu教授领导的这个团队在《科学》杂志上发表了这个方法的初步研究。当时他们发现,基于新抗原的疫苗可以在患者体内引起免疫反应。这次发表的新研究则更进一步观察这些疫苗是否能够抑制肿瘤的生长。

在这项研究中,有六位肿瘤已经出现转移的黑色素瘤患者参与,这些患者的肿瘤已经被手术切除,但是复发的可能性很高。科研人员对每位患者的肿瘤进行了DNA测序,并通过算法预测DNA中那些最有可能表达新抗原的突变。随后,他们为每位患者制作了能针对包括大约20个不同新抗原的疫苗,并在5个月的时间内多次注射了这些疫苗。结果发现,所有患者在接受治疗32个月后,体内均无肿瘤存在。这些疫苗在患者体内引起了强烈的T细胞免疫反应,同时也没有严重的副作用。

在这个过程中,有两位病情最严重的患者出现过短暂的复发。这个团队给这两位患者使用了PD-1免疫检查点抑制剂。经验数据显示,在这一程度的黑色素瘤患者中,PD-1抑制剂的响应率大约是40%,其中只有大约5%的患者肿瘤会完全消失。然而,这两位接受过疫苗注射的患者在使用PD-1抑制剂后,体内复发的肿瘤再次完全消失了。

无独有偶,另一个来自德国美因茨大学(Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz)的团队也开发了一种基于RNA的癌症新抗原疫苗。他们对13位晚期黑色素瘤患者注射了针对包含10种新抗原的疫苗。在26个月后,其中11位患者体内没有肿瘤迹象,这包括了1位出现短暂复发的患者,同样在接受了PD-1抑制剂后肿瘤再度消失。

这些积极的结果吸引了生物制药行业的注意,多家企业正在或准备开展新抗原疫苗和免疫检查点抑制剂联用的临床试验。这其中就包括了Dana-Farber团队的主要成员Catherine Wu博士和Nir Hacohen博士共同创建的Neon Therapeutics。

此外,去年由Sean Parker先生创立的Parker癌症免疫疗法研究院(Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy)正在组织一项预测癌症新抗原的竞赛,参与其中的13个工业界和学术界团队将得到一组一模一样的患者样本,然后通过各自的算法预测其中的新抗原。该研究院将在实验室中对预测结果进行验证,随后将验证结果反馈给各个团队,用以改进算法。Parker研究院希望通过这个竞赛来发现如何制造最好的新抗原疫苗。

我们希望生物制药企业和学术研究机构对于肿瘤新抗原的研究能够齐头并进,早日为患者带来全新的个性化疫苗。

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    2017-10-07 sunylz
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    2017-04-20 jichang
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2017年4月8日,首届全国肿瘤免疫治疗高峰论坛暨免疫治疗专家委员会成立大会在上海圆满落下帷幕。本次大会由中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)主办,济南军区总医院承办,中国医学论坛报提供媒体支持。大会围绕免疫治疗这一主题,分别设置了院士论坛、名家之声、规范解读和争议共鸣4个环节,介绍免疫治疗研究的最新进展、研究热点、发展趋势和临床规范。会上,记者很荣幸采访到现任解放军八一医院副院长、全军肿瘤中心主任兼

Circulation:突破性技术可将皮肤细胞转化为血管细胞并保持活力

图片来源:medicalxpress.com 2017年4月10日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --日前,一项刊登在国际杂志Circulation上的研究报告中,来自伊利诺伊大学的研究人员通过研究鉴别出了一种能将皮肤细胞转化为制造血管的细胞的关键分子开关,相关研究或有望用来修复心脏病患者受损的血管,或者在实验室中工程化制造新的血管;研究者表示,增强维持细胞年轻的酶类的特殊技术或许能够抑制细

Sci Transl Med:这款药物或能提高胰腺癌治疗效果

在最近一期的《科学》子刊《Science Translational Medicine》中,一项关于胰腺癌的研究登上了封面。这项重磅研究表明,一种药物能够干扰肿瘤细胞外基质的结构,从而提高化疗等标准疗法的效果。谈到胰腺癌,许多人都不会陌生。被称为“癌症之王”的它以难治而闻名,据美国癌症学会的统计,它在术后的5年生存率只有16%。多年的研究发现,胰腺癌难治的一大原因在于它表面的致密基质。它就像是一层

Sci Rep:与肿瘤生长和病毒感染相关的APN!

细胞表面氨基肽酶N(APN)是一种膜结合的外切酶,其能够水解蛋白质和肽并调节许多细胞的功能。APN参与肿瘤细胞的扩张和运动,是癌症治疗的靶点之一。能够结合APN活性位点的小药物可以抑制催化过程并抑制肿瘤生长。APN也是冠状病毒的主要细胞进入受体,其能够结合远离活性位点的区域。目前研究确定,人和猪类的APN胞外域的三个晶体结构定义了蛋白质的动态构象。这些结构提供了封闭的、中间的和开放的APN的,它们

Immunity:新的anti-CD25抗体,使抑制肿瘤内的Treg细胞的免疫疗法重获生机

接着研究组改良了原来的anti-CD25 r1抗体,使其能更好的结合起作用的I,III,IV型Fc gamma受体,结果改良后的抗体相较于原来的抗体能够更好的杀死肿瘤组织中的Treg细胞。并且如果搭配使用时下刚被美国FDA批准使用的anti-PD-L1抗体使用,能够起到加成的作用。即杀死了肿瘤中的Treg细胞,同时又使原来疲惫的Teff细胞重新恢复活性。 这项研究使本来已经失去研究重心的an

Crit Care Med:紧急化疗对危及生命的实体肿瘤的意义

在肿瘤的诊断或复发时,实体肿瘤可能直接导致器官衰竭。这种特殊的并发症管理依赖于进行紧急化疗或手术,同时进行相关的支持治疗。近期,一项发表在杂志Crit Care Med上的研究进行了多中心研究,以解决发生这种情况的预后。此项研究的受试对象包括在ICU中接受紧急化疗的实体肿瘤成人患者合并器官功能衰竭。研究者们收集化疗方式,辅助器械或外科手术以及器官支持的需要。研究终点是短期和长期生存率。此项研究共包