Cell:重磅发现,染色质是一种凝胶,有助于解释癌症的扩散

2020-12-31 生物世界 Bio生物世界

文章指出,凝聚的染色质以固体状态存在,其性质可以抵抗外力,并形成弹性凝胶,为染色质结合蛋白的液-液相分离提供支架。由此看来,把染色质看作一种凝胶,可以让我们更准确地理解基因组是如何编码和解码的。

自然万物都遵循着一定的规律,而物理规律是宇宙的基础。对于自然生物而言,也是一样的,从飞鸟鸣蝉到游鱼走兽,从光合作用到有氧呼吸,归根结底,一切都受物理定律的支配,包括基因调控。

科学研究的魅力在于打破常规,进入21世纪,科学技术的革新使得人类得以观察细胞内更微观的结构,而这些新的观察结果也不断推翻了之前的认知。例如,2018年12月13日,哈佛大学 Adam Cohen 、师征等人在 Cell 杂志发表题为:Cell Membranes Resist Flow(细胞膜抗流动)的研究论文。

该研究认为细胞膜实际上更接近类似果冻的半固体,对已编入高中、大学课本的“流动镶嵌模型”和“脂筏模型”发起挑战,改写了关于细胞膜流体性质及其对张力的反应的传统理论。

无独有偶,近日,加拿大阿尔伯塔大学和美国科罗拉多州立大学的研究人员同样在 Cell 杂志上发表了一篇题为:Condensed Chromatin Behaves like a Solid on the Mesoscale In Vitro and in Living Cells 的颠覆性研究论文。

这篇文章指出,凝聚的染色质以固体状态存在,其性质可以抵抗外力,并形成弹性凝胶,为染色质结合蛋白的液-液相分离提供支架。由此看来,把染色质看作一种凝胶,可以让我们更准确地理解基因组是如何编码和解码的。

染色体是遗传物质的主要结构,染色体由染色质组成,而染色质又由组蛋白和DNA组成。不仅如此,染色质的结构和状态对于真核基因组的时空控制十分重要——支持基因表达和染色体DNA的复制,且与癌症的发生发展密切相关。

通常而言,我们认为染色质处于一种液态状态,调节蛋白可能会在细胞核中漂移游动,直至与目标DNA相遇,除非DNA附近的分子或大分子物质构成障碍。但也有研究表明,细胞核中的物质流动性会比之前认为的更小,并且在超分子水平上表现得更有组织性,而这要归因于与物质状态相关的物理定律。

在此项研究中,研究团队检测了凝聚染色质在体外和体内的物理状态。研究结果表明,核小体阵列在各种溶液条件下的自缔合产生超分子凝聚,其中染色质呈现出物理约束和固体状。

染色质凝胶在体外表现出固相行为

与此同时,通过测量活细胞中的DNA流动性,研究人员发现染色质浓缩在体内也表现出固体状的行为。然而,典型的异染色质蛋白却表现出液体样的行为,并在固体染色质支架周围合并。

更重要的是,即使在染色质纤维之间产生有限的相互作用的条件下,常染色质和异染色质也表现出固状行为。

活细胞中异染色质和常染色质的固相行为

论文的第一作者Hilmar Strickfaden博士表示:“虽然有证据表明异染色质存在液体隔间,但我们发现,染色质本身并不是处于液体状态,因此,我们得出结论,染色质是一种固体状支架,可以支持液体状腔室的组装,这些腔室富含渗透到纤维基质中的特定效应蛋白。”

值得一提的是,最近的一项研究表明,癌细胞中染色质的变形能力是允许它们挤过狭小空间实现转移扩散的重要决定因素。基于这一发现,如果事实证明,染色质凝胶可以变得不那么牢固,就可以更好地解释这一现象。

在癌细胞中,如果组蛋白部分发生某些化学修饰,染色质就可能变得不那么粘,且当这一过程与染色质凝胶状态的改变同时发生时,那将大大降低了染色质凝胶的强度,使其更容易变形,并使癌细胞能够在全身扩散。

由此看来,确定染色质凝胶状态是如何被调节的,并寻找或开发可以维持染色质凝胶固体状态的药物,就可以开辟一个全新的、防止癌细胞转移的治疗途径。

一个解释染色质和染色质室的物理特性的模型

论文的第一作者Hilmar Strickfaden博士表示,他相信,染色质凝胶状状态的发现将为未来的研究提供指导原则,这使得人类可以更好地理解染色质的物质属性如何塑造细胞核的功能,以确保细胞和机体的健康!

不仅如此,该研究团队还计划验证另一个被广泛认可的假设的正确性,即分子的物理大小决定了它们访问DNA的能力。目前,初步的研究结果表明,这也可能是不正确的——染色质凝胶的性质和围绕它的液体微环境的变化可能会颠覆这一认知!

原始出处:

Hilmar Strickfaden , Thomas O Tolsma, Ajit Sharma ,et al.Condensed Chromatin Behaves like a Solid on the Mesoscale In Vitro and in Living Cells. Cell . 2020 Dec 23;183(7):1772-1784.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.027. Epub 2020 Dec 15.

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    2021-02-06 维他命
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    2021-01-02 lishizhe
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    2021-01-02 xxxx1054
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