Nature Medicine:重大突破!科学家开发出新型艾滋病疫苗!

2018-06-07 Paris,Zoe 转化医学网

基于艾滋病脆弱位点结构的实验性疫苗方案引发了小鼠、豚鼠和猴子中的抗体,这些抗体可以中和来自世界各地的数十种艾滋病毒毒株。 在国家过敏和传染病研究所(NIAID)、国立卫生研究院的一部分研究人员及其同事在《自然医学》杂志上报道了这一发现。


导  读

基于艾滋病脆弱位点结构的实验性疫苗方案引发了小鼠、豚鼠和猴子中的抗体,这些抗体可以中和来自世界各地的数十种艾滋病毒毒株。 在国家过敏和传染病研究所(NIAID)、国立卫生研究院的一部分研究人员及其同事在《自然医学》杂志上报道了这一发现。

“NIH科学家利用他们对艾滋病病毒结构的详细了解,发现了一种不寻常的病毒易感部位,并设计出一种新型且潜在强大的疫苗,”NIAID主任Anthony S. Fauci医师表示,“这项研究是一项潜在的重要研究,有助于继续寻求开发安全有效的艾滋病毒疫苗。”

预计新疫苗方案的初步人体试验将于2019年下半年开始。此次报告反映了NIAID致力于开发艾滋病毒疫苗的两种广泛而互补的方法之一。

在其中一种方法中,科学家首先鉴定了能够中和许多病毒株的强大HIV抗体,然后尝试用基于抗体结合的HIV表面蛋白结构的疫苗引发这些抗体。换句话说,科学家们从免疫反应最有希望的部分开始,并努力开发一种能够诱导它的疫苗。这种方法被用来设计描述此次报告中的疫苗。
 
该蛋白质结构图阐明了融合肽表位 (红色) 的位置在 HIV 尖峰 (绿色),该图还显示了一个宽中和抗体 (黄色) 如何与融合肽结合
 
在此次报告中描述的实验性疫苗是基于NIAID科学家在2016年确定的称为HIV融合肽的表位。融合肽是一小段氨基酸,是病毒使用的HIV表面峰值的一部分进入人体细胞。

据科学家称,融合肽表位特别有希望用作疫苗,因为它在大多数HIV病毒株中的结构是相同的,而且免疫系统能够清楚地“看到”它,并对其产生强烈的免疫应答。该融合肽缺乏糖,这掩盖了免疫系统对其他HIV表位的“看法”。

为了制造疫苗,研究人员设计了许多不同的免疫原, 旨在激活免疫反应的蛋白质。科学家首先使用靶向融合肽表位的抗体集合评估免疫原,然后在小鼠中测试免疫原最有效地引发针对融合肽的HIV中和抗体。

最好的免疫原由融合肽的八个氨基酸结合到能够引起强烈免疫应答的载体上组成。为了改善他们的结果,科学家们将这种免疫原与HIV高峰的复制品配对。

研究人员随后测试了不同的蛋白质注射组合以及小鼠的 HIV 峰值, 并分析了该疫苗方案产生的抗体。抗体附着在 HIV融合肽上, 并从一个全球代表性的208株 HIV 菌株的小组中中和多达31% 的病毒。

根据他们的分析, 科学家们调整了疫苗方案, 并在豚鼠和猴子身上进行了试验,不出所料,这些试验产生了使大量 HIV 菌株中和的抗体, 初步证明了疫苗方案可能在多个物种中起作用。

目前,科学家们现在正在努力改进疫苗方案, 包括使其更有效, 并能以较少的注射来达到更一致的结果。研究人员还隔离了疫苗在猴子体内产生的其他广泛中和的抗体, 他们将评估这些抗体是否能够保护动物免受猴版 HIV 病毒的侵害。

NIAID 科学家将利用他们的发现来优化疫苗, 然后经过精心设计和监测,以期能够制造出一种适合人体志愿者安全测试的临床实验版本。

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    2018-06-16 jeanqiuqiu
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    2019-02-01 liye789132251
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    2018-06-19 kalseyzl
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    2018-06-08 kafei

    了解下谢谢

    0

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