MBio：近二十年应对新发传染病的收获

美国医学研究所的一篇重要报告重新燃起了人们对新发传染病这个重要话题的兴趣，因此，来自国家过敏与感染疾病研究所的主任Anthony S. Fauci博士与David Morens博士一起在MBio上发表了本文，反思在过去二十年的新发传染病(EIDs)中，我们到底学到了什么。

论文作者提出，提高对新发传染病的防范意识本身就是预防对策。现在我们可利用过互联网资源，如PROMED，对新发传染病进行实时在线监测。单单在2012年，互联网资源让科学界与公众获知在中东出现的新型致病性冠状病毒、在约塞米特蒂国家公园出现一种汉他病毒和在美国农场社区出现的由猪传人的变种流感病毒（H3N2v）。

论文作者指出在提高诊断、治疗和预防新发传染病能力方面取得的进展，例如：通过全基因测序快速识别新病原；通过对生物系统完整全面的描绘（系统生物学）以揭示致病微生物与人类宿主间复杂的交互关系。这些研究得出的数据可以为药物与疫苗的开发提供有用的信息。近期，对寄居在人体肠道、口腔、皮肤与其他微环境的微生物菌群存在某些益处的认知，改变了感染性疾病的传统定义，不再简单地认为是感染性疾病仅仅是入侵的致病病原体与人类免疫系统之间的战争。

科学家们强调，需要针对特殊传染病制定防御策略，并展开基础性研究以更好地了解感染性疾病与人类易感性。

doi: 10.1128/​mBio.00494-12
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Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2012: 20 Years after the Institute of Medicine Report

David M. Morens and Anthony S. Fauci

Twenty years ago (1992), a landmark Institute of Medicine report entitled “Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States” underscored the important but often underappreciated concept of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). A review of the progress made and setbacks experienced over the past 2 decades suggests that even though many new diseases have emerged, such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and the 2009 pandemic influenza, significant advances have occurred in EID control, prevention, and treatment. Among many elements of the increase in the capacity to control EIDs are genomics-associated advances in microbial detection and treatment, improved disease surveillance, and greater awareness of EIDs and the complicated variables that underlie emergence. In looking back over the past 20 years, it is apparent that we are in a time of great change in which both the challenge of EIDs and our responses to them are being transformed. Recent advances support guarded optimism that further breakthroughs lie ahead.