Lancet global health:轮状病毒疫苗有必要纳入婴幼儿疫苗接种计划吗?

2021-04-26 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

轮状病毒疫苗接种有可能避免重大的疾病负担,而且在不符合免疫联盟支持条件的77%的中等收入国家中可能具有成本效益,其支付意愿门槛为国家人均国内生产总值的0.5倍。

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2019年,全球有151514例5岁以下儿童因为感染轮状病毒死亡,数百万儿童因此住院治疗。截至2020年7月,全球已有100多个国家在其国家免疫计划中引入了轮状病毒疫苗。而在目前没有资格获得免疫联盟财政支持的63个中等收入国家中,只有30个国家将轮状病毒疫苗纳入其国家免疫计划,其中大多数国家使用的是Rotarix(由比利时里克森萨特葛兰素史克制造)。引进新疫苗的障碍很多,在没有商定价格或联合采购的情况下,负担能力是各国报告的主要挑战之一。

很少有研究评估在这些环境(没有资格获得疫苗联盟Gavi资助的中等收入国家)中接种轮状病毒的成本效益和受益风险。基于此,有研究小组评估了63个不符合免疫联盟资助条件的中等收入国家轮状病毒疫苗接种的潜在经济和卫生影响。该研究结果近日发表在the Lancet Global Health期刊上。

在这项模拟研究中,研究者使用一个基于Excel的比例结果模型和一个细分的年龄结构来估计轮状病毒胃肠炎病例数、门诊就诊数、住院人数和10年期间5岁以下儿童接种疫苗避免的死亡人数。计算了成本-效果比(与未接种疫苗相比,每残疾调整生命年避免的成本)和效益-风险比(每因肠套叠过度住院避免的轮状病毒胃肠炎住院次数)。评估了全球三种可供选择的疫苗(Rotarix、Rotavac和Rotasil),并使用了疫苗制造商提供的有关预期疫苗价格的信息。进行了确定性和概率不确定性分析。

研究最后发现,在2020-29年期间,接种轮状病毒疫苗可避免7700万例轮状病毒胃肠炎病例和2100万次门诊就诊、300万次住院和37900例因轮状病毒胃肠炎而死亡。从政府的角度来看,轮状病毒疫苗接种在考虑的62个中等收入国家中有48个(77%)具有成本效益。在所有国家,预防性住院与疫苗接种可能引起的住院的受益风险比均超过250:1。

2020-29年期间各国的成本效益结果

这项研究结果发现轮状病毒疫苗接种有可能避免重大的疾病负担,而且在不符合免疫联盟支持条件的77%的中等收入国家中可能具有成本效益,其支付意愿门槛为国家人均国内生产总值的0.5倍。最近通过资格预审的疫苗,如果按制造商提出的价格提供,可能会物有所值。Rotasiil被认为是所有国家中性价比最高的产品,紧随其后的是Rotavac。这一模式仍然对有关投入的假设敏感,特别是交付成本和疫苗价格。

优势疫苗(罗那西)与未接种疫苗比较的成本-效果可接受曲线

作为一项多国分析,结果可能与根据当地具体数据进行的以国家为重点的分析略有不同。各国应谨慎解释研究结果,并鼓励开展针对本国的研究。同样,这项分析中的疫苗价格是估计数,因此各国需要直接与感兴趣的产品制造商确认疫苗价格。这项研究的结果不应左右特定国家的产品选择决策,但可以为定价讨论提供信息。在美洲地区,泛美卫生组织循环基金通过为一组国家联合采购,成功地与制造商谈判降低价格。这种集中采购机制在许多中等收入国家存在的地区并不存在。

这项分析为轮状病毒疫苗在多数中等收入国家的成本效益和公共卫生效益提供了强有力的证据,这些国家没有资格获得免疫联盟的资助。如果在常规免疫中采用,很可能既有益又具有成本效益。

参考文献:Evaluating the potential economic and health impact of rotavirus vaccination in 63 middle-income countries not eligible for Gavi funding: a modelling study. Frédéric Debellut, MSc  Andrew Clark, PhD Clint Pecenka, PhD Jacqueline Tate, PhD Ranju Baral, PhD Prof Colin Sanderson, PhD et al. Show all authors Open AccessPublished:April 20, 2021.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00167-4

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    2021-06-19 howi
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    2021-04-26 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0

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