Science:基因编辑疗法在中国已占先机,在癌症、遗传病治疗等领域 9 项试验值得关注

2017-10-11 佚名 测序中国

基因编辑被誉为 21 世纪最伟大的生物医学突破技术之一,人们对该技术未来在癌症、遗传病领域的突破性成果给予了厚望。上周,《科学》杂志刊文评述了中国在基因编辑疗法中的最新进展,下面让我们一同来了解国际同行如何看待中国科学家在基因编辑临床应用领域取得的前沿成果。

基因编辑被誉为 21 世纪最伟大的生物医学突破技术之一,人们对该技术未来在癌症、遗传病领域的突破性成果给予了厚望。上周,《科学》杂志刊文评述了中国在基因编辑疗法中的最新进展,下面让我们一同来了解国际同行如何看待中国科学家在基因编辑临床应用领域取得的前沿成果。

CRISPR 是目前使用最为广泛的基因编辑工具,虽然这一技术诞生于西方国家,但在应用研究过程中,中国已经占得先机。在 2015 年,我国科学家“首次使用 CRISPR 对人类胚胎基因组进行编辑”的一项研究曾引发了全球的争论。如今,在中国,科学家们又开创了另一个世界先例。最近,我国研究团队表明,一种新的 CRISPR 变体可以在早期胚胎中对 DNA 进行化学修饰而非切割 DNA,从而“矫正”引发血液疾病的致病突变。在应用 CRISPR 的 10 个临床试验中,有 9 个是在中国,相关的研究可以在 clinicaltrials.gov 数据库中查找。

据悉,三个不同的研究组向《科学》杂志证实,他们正在用 CRISPR 来修饰癌症患者自身的免疫细胞并进行注射。一些正在进行胃癌肺癌和食道癌试验的科学家们强调,将 CRISPR 应用于临床治疗这些疾病还有多年之遥。尽管如此,来自加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的 Donald Kohn 表示:“如果能够真正取得较好的成果,他们无疑将在这一应用领域处于领先地位。”

一些研究小组通过 CRISPR 技术进行编辑并释放患者的 T 细胞,从而对肿瘤进行靶向攻击。还有一些团队在利用 CRISPR 进行 PD- 1 的基因的敲除。我们知道,癌症可以触发 PD- 1 活性,通过抑制免疫反应来保护自己。为了阻止这种防御,研究人员从患者身上提取 T 细胞,使用 CRISPR 来敲除 PD- 1 基因,并重新注射被编辑的细胞来抵抗癌症。由于“破坏”一个基因要比添加或替换一个基因更为容易,所以该策略被认为是在临床中基于 CRISPR 技术进行试验的理想首选。此外,以药物或其他基因治疗技术靶向 PD- 1 已经在临床试验中显示出了一定的疗效。总体而言,在自体 T 细胞中敲除 PD- 1 应该是相对安全的。



表:来自中国的 9 项试验(来源:Science)

目前,来自中国人民解放军总医院的韩为东教授研究团队正在招募患者进行相关试验。他们将使用 CRISPR 敲除编码 T 细胞受体蛋白的两个基因,同时添加一个能使细胞识别和攻击白血病细胞的工程受体。由于对患者自身的 T 细胞进行收集和培养较为困难,韩教授团队正在基于供体细胞进行基因编辑,以备将来使用。

来自我国军事医学科学院的科学家们计划将 CRISPR 应用于另一种情况:HIV 感染。他们的目标是破坏一种能够促使 HIV 病毒感染的 T 细胞表面蛋白基因。具体而言,研究人员将在体外对一名捐赠者的 T 细胞前体细胞进行编辑,然后再重新注入体内,以期建立一个抗 HIV 的 T 细胞群。

此外,来自广州中山大学的研究人员正在开发一种含有基因编辑蛋白的凝胶,该凝胶将被应用于癌前人乳头状瘤病毒感染患者的宫颈内。该团队希望通过基因编辑蛋白的功能,对被感染病毒的细胞进行编辑,进而敲除两个促进肿瘤生长的关键基因。这或将成为基于 CRISPR 技术进行的首次人体试验。


图:刘宝瑞教授(来源:Science)

来自南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院肿瘤科的刘宝瑞团队正专注于胃癌和鼻咽癌的研究,这两类癌症给中国带来了巨大的负担。CRISPR 治疗可以为经过标准治疗后而没有其他选择的患者提供新的治疗机遇。今年 4 月以来,他的小组基于该技术治疗了两名胃癌患者,初步结果看来还有很有希望的。杭州市肿瘤医院肿瘤科专家吴式琇团队则集中研究晚期食管癌。到目前为止,他的团队已经治疗了 13 例患者。

在出生前编辑遗传性疾病相关基因,进而避免遗传性疾病的发生也是基因编辑技术的应用领域之一。最近,来自中山大学的遗传学家黄俊久团队在 《Protein & Cell》上发表的一项工作,采用了一种称为 base editor (BE) 的系统在人类胚胎中编辑导致地中海贫血的单个碱基遗传突变。结果表明,在试验的胚胎中,编辑效率超过了 20%。来自圣乔治医学院癌症遗传学家 Shirley Hodgson 表示,“这是分子编辑领域的又一个突破,但仍然需要做更多的研究来完善这一方法。”

中国研究者在推动 CRISPR 治疗试验过程中,必须解决本国的道德伦理问题和安全审查。相比之下,在美国开展类似的试验,通常需要接受美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)重组 DNA 咨询委员会、美国食品药品监督管理局和家庭机构的审查。“没有广泛的动物实验可能会很难得到认可。”来自杜克大学医学中心的 Bryan Cullen 说,他们正在利用 CRISPR 进行小鼠的试验研究。

到目前为止,美国只有一项试验得到了 NIH 的许可。该试验是来自宾夕法尼亚大学的一个研究小组,他们将基于 CRISPR 技术应用于患者 T 细胞中,在“破坏”PD- 1 基因的同时,加入了 NY-ESO-1(该基因常现于肿瘤)受体基因。该研究于 2016 年 6 月得到了 NIH 重组 DNA 咨询委员的绿灯,正在等待进一步审查。

在美国,有很多机构正逐步推进 CRISPR 的相关试验。但对于这样一个快速发展的前沿领域,中国很可能会占据先机,领先一步!

原始出处:

Dennis Normile. China sprints ahead in CRISPR therapy race. Science  06 Oct 2017: Vol. 358, Issue 6359, pp. 20-21.DOI: 10.1126/science.358.6359.20

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    2017-10-29 lyh994

    未来中国引领世界

    0

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    2017-10-16 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2017-10-13 jichang
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942920, encodeId=a5181942920b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=506f4186905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41869, encryptionId=506f4186905, topicName=基因编辑疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8942242, createdName=jj000001, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 19:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256886, encodeId=e38c2568860e, content=未来中国引领世界, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Oct 29 08:51:57 CST 2017, time=2017-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253412, encodeId=4fe12534126a, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 13:23:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375705, encodeId=79d713e57058f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Fri Oct 13 01:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252028, encodeId=51682520286b, content=内容丰富.值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 20:10:53 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251949, encodeId=17eb2519497f, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 13:27:30 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251915, encodeId=deff251915c8, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 11:43:12 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-11 虈亣靌

    内容丰富.值得学习

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942920, encodeId=a5181942920b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=506f4186905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41869, encryptionId=506f4186905, topicName=基因编辑疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8942242, createdName=jj000001, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 19:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256886, encodeId=e38c2568860e, content=未来中国引领世界, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Oct 29 08:51:57 CST 2017, time=2017-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253412, encodeId=4fe12534126a, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 13:23:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375705, encodeId=79d713e57058f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Fri Oct 13 01:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252028, encodeId=51682520286b, content=内容丰富.值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 20:10:53 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251949, encodeId=17eb2519497f, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 13:27:30 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251915, encodeId=deff251915c8, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 11:43:12 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-11 139****0239

    henhao

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942920, encodeId=a5181942920b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=506f4186905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41869, encryptionId=506f4186905, topicName=基因编辑疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8942242, createdName=jj000001, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 19:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256886, encodeId=e38c2568860e, content=未来中国引领世界, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Oct 29 08:51:57 CST 2017, time=2017-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253412, encodeId=4fe12534126a, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 13:23:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375705, encodeId=79d713e57058f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Fri Oct 13 01:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252028, encodeId=51682520286b, content=内容丰富.值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 20:10:53 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251949, encodeId=17eb2519497f, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 13:27:30 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251915, encodeId=deff251915c8, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Wed Oct 11 11:43:12 CST 2017, time=2017-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-11 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0