一文读懂:神经查体宝典“NIHSS评分”的5大要点!

2021-10-09 Dr. Apathy MedSci原创

无论是科室小白,还是教授级别大牛,只要是神经科医生,大家对于美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)一定都不陌生,该评分已广泛应用于卒中患者的临床预后评估和各研究中。

无论是科室小白,还是教授级别大牛,只要是神经科医生,大家对于美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)一定都不陌生,该评分已广泛应用于卒中患者的临床预后评估和各研究中。

 

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然而,在临床评估中却也总是遇到评分情况模棱两可、不同医师对统一患者评分存在明显差别甚至难以区分患者回答结果正确与否的情况。今天,就让我们一起来回顾一下NIHSS评分的各项细节,希望能给在临床上忙碌的你带来些许帮助。

 

NIHSS的前世今生

 

1989年,Thmos等人设计了15个项目的NIHSS量表。该量表采用分等级评价的方式,全面评估患者意识、眼球运动、视野、肢体运动和感觉、肢体共济、语言、认知和注意力等神经系统维度的全面情况。最初这个量表用于美国国立神经疾病与卒中研究院(NINDS)试验中,对急性卒中患者动静脉溶栓治疗和药物治疗等不同干预手段的效果进行评价。多年来NIHSS逐渐已经发展成为广为人知的评价急性卒中患者神经功能缺损程度的量表。

 

现在NIHSS评分得到了广泛重视,尤其是在近几年血管内治疗技术兴起的基础上。其中,《美国2018 AHA/ASA急性缺血性卒中早期管理指南》和《急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗中国2018》中都明确指出,血管内治疗指征包括:大血管的病变:神经功能缺损评分NIHSS≥7分 [1、2]。

 

NIHSS的信效度

 

通常,评价一个量表的可靠程度往往从有效性和敏感性两个方面考量。总的来说,数据显示,当评分人员经过正规的NIHSS培训后进行一致性评定时,同一评估人员初始评分和3个月后重新评分显示组间相关系数(ICC)为0.93(ICC为1表示完全可靠,ICC为0.8通常被认为代表极好的可靠性)[3]。而不同观察者之间的可靠性也很高,总体ICC为0.95,提示该量表可靠程度高。

 

在有效性方面,将NIHSS评分和CT或MRI影像学梗死灶体积的对比,发现其相关系数为0.4-0.8,提示NIHSS量表评分与卒中患者梗死体积密切相关[4]。同时,对于急性卒中患者,基线NIHSS评分可较为准确地预测7天及3个月时的预后情况[5]。

 

在敏感性方面,不论是与传统的格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)和瞳孔检查相比,还是与其它专业量表(如mRS和BI)进行比较,NIHSS评分用于评估脑部疾病患者的病情变化都更为敏感,这对于不同治疗方法的疗效判断更加有力。同时,因为NIHSS评分简单、易操作,有利于医护人员在一天内多次进行评估以及时判断病情变化。

 

NIHSS评分的五大基本原则

 

1. 按照评分表逐项评分,根据患者的第一反应评分,一旦评分后切忌回头改动

 

2. 在任何项目上对评分均依指示进行,如无说明,切忌辅导

 

3. 有的项目只有绝对存在才能打分;

 

4. 即使存在矛盾,评分所记应为患者实际所做,而非评估者认为患者可做的;

 

5. 评分需快,患者得分应在检查后立即记录,评估事件一般不超 10 min

 

NIHSS评分条目及结果

 

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1、溶栓时检测时间点:溶栓前;溶栓后2小时;溶栓后24小时;溶栓后7天;溶栓后90天;

 

2、基线评估可以评估卒中严重程度,治疗后可以定期评估治疗效果;

 

3、基线评估>16分的患者可能死亡,而<6分很有可能恢复良好,每增加1分,预后良   好的可能性降低17%;

 

4、评分范围为0-42分,分数越高,神经受损越严重,分级如下:

0-1分:正常或近乎正常;

 

1-4分:轻度卒中/小卒中;

 

5-15分:中度卒中;

 

15-20分:中-重度卒中;

 

21-42分:重度卒中。

 

NIHSS评分的打分口诀

 

由于NIHSS评分条目较多,许多初接触的医生总是苦于记忆。为此,首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院杜万良老师发明了卒中量表七绝,让广大“神经科小白”受益匪浅,特引用于此,供大家参考:

 

唤醒提问命令迟(3项,3+2+2 = 7分)

 

凝望视野面容知(3项,2+3+3 = 8分)

 

上下左右协调动(5项,4+4+4+4+2 = 18分)

 

感觉语音不忽视(4项,2+3+2+2 = 9分)

 

此外,国际上较为受欢迎的还有“FLEAS”口诀,对于英文较好的同学们来说也可以尝试:

 

F:Face 面瘫3;

 

L:LOC 唤醒3、提问2、忽视2、命令2;

 

E:Eyes 凝视2、视野3;

 

A:Arms/Legs 运动16、感觉2、共济2;

 

S:Speech 语言3、构音2。

 

NIHSS评分的局限性

 

上面提了NIHSS评分的许多优点,下面将NIHSS评分存在的问题总结如下:

 

1. NIHSS 对后循环脑梗不敏感,尤其是表现头痛、眩晕、恶心及躯干共济失调症状的患者通常不能被NIHSS准确检出

 

2. NIHSS某些项目(如面神经麻痹、共济失调、意识水平、构音障碍和凝视项目)的信度较差,不同测评者因理解的差异而影响一致性;

 

3. 相同的梗死体积,左半球梗死的 NIHSS评分会大于右半球,即NIHSS会低估右半球卒中的严重程度;

 

4. NIHSS缺少对认知减退及步态异常评价的项目,因此不适用于脑小血管病。

 

综上,NIHSS是一项为全球神经科医生应用了20多年的量表,有效性、敏感性值得信赖,但仍有些许不足,神经科医生在使用过程中应酌情取舍,以更好服务临床。

 

 

参考文献:

 

[1] Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-e110.

[2] 中华医学会神经病学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组. 中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018. 中华神经科杂志,2018,51 (9): 666-682.

[3] Goldstein LB, Samsa GP. Reliability of the National Institutes of Health stroke scale: extension to non-neurologists in the context of a clinical trial. Stroke 1997; 28: 307–10.

[4] Brott TG, Adams HP Jr, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989; 20: 864–70.

[5] Adams HP Jr, Davis PH, Leira EC, et al. Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: a report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke T reatment (TOAST). Neurology 1999; 53: 126–31.

 

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    2021-10-11 baoya
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    2021-10-11 宋威
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    2021-10-10 扁不鹊

    !很有用,特别是帮助小白的口诀

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1461849, encodeId=8173146184943, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=80891280369' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NIHSS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12803, encryptionId=80891280369, topicName=NIHSS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=31916448970, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Mon Oct 11 07:53:54 CST 2021, time=2021-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536949, encodeId=dcdf153694979, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dd4128010e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NIH#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12801, encryptionId=2dd4128010e, topicName=NIH)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7cd212750364, createdName=宋威, createdTime=Mon Oct 11 07:53:54 CST 2021, time=2021-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059074, encodeId=6b7210590e454, content=!很有用,特别是帮助小白的口诀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21235581431, createdName=扁不鹊, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 01:19:14 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059060, encodeId=c168105906039, content=易操作!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211009/6acc969d6e764d79be971def277bce0a/4426af4272404e8a90d25dd0a1ad13fd.jpg, createdBy=4a0e5629602, createdName=ms2000000605384399, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 22:49:54 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059000, encodeId=6443105900076, content=通俗易懂,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ff3922323, createdName=138a8b94m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 17:05:42 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-09 ms2000000605384399

    易操作!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1461849, encodeId=8173146184943, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=80891280369' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NIHSS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12803, encryptionId=80891280369, topicName=NIHSS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=31916448970, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Mon Oct 11 07:53:54 CST 2021, time=2021-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536949, encodeId=dcdf153694979, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2dd4128010e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NIH#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12801, encryptionId=2dd4128010e, topicName=NIH)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7cd212750364, createdName=宋威, createdTime=Mon Oct 11 07:53:54 CST 2021, time=2021-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059074, encodeId=6b7210590e454, content=!很有用,特别是帮助小白的口诀, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21235581431, createdName=扁不鹊, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 01:19:14 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059060, encodeId=c168105906039, content=易操作!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211009/6acc969d6e764d79be971def277bce0a/4426af4272404e8a90d25dd0a1ad13fd.jpg, createdBy=4a0e5629602, createdName=ms2000000605384399, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 22:49:54 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059000, encodeId=6443105900076, content=通俗易懂,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ff3922323, createdName=138a8b94m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 17:05:42 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-09 138a8b94m87暂无昵称

    通俗易懂,

    0

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