产AmpC β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌目细菌、碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染:美国感染病学会(IDSA)的治疗指导建议

2021-12-10 SIFIC感染视界 SIFIC感染视界

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AmpC β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌目细菌、碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染:美国感染病学会(IDSA)的治疗指导建议

——专家观点:王明贵教授

202010月美国感染病学会(IDSA)曾发表耐药革兰阴性菌感染治疗的指导建议(guidance),聚焦在产超广谱β内酰胺酶肠杆菌目细菌(ESBL-E)、碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)以及难治性耐药铜绿假单胞菌(DTR-P. aeruginosa)感染的抗菌治疗。而在今年11IDSA再次发表针对耐药菌感染治疗的最新指导建议,本次指导建议主要聚焦的病原菌为产AmpC β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌目细菌 (AmpC-E)、碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌 (CRAB) 和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,可以说是对去年指导建议的补充。

我们有幸邀请到复旦大学附属华山医院抗生素研究所所长王明贵教授,从中国临床实际情况出发,对该指导原则进行划重点和简单点评。

背景简介

此次IDSA指导原则制订小组成员由6名具有临床以及科研经验的感染科医生组成。由于对AmpC-ECRAB和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染治疗的有力数据相对较少,因此该指导建议使用的是建议而不是推荐。该指导建议适用成人和儿童。在确定致病菌和药敏结果后,提供首选和备选治疗建议,同时也提及经验性治疗方案、疗程和其他注意事项。

内容概述

第一部分

整个指导建议正文部分首先对去年和今年发表的两个指导建议中所提及的耐药革兰阴性菌的治疗建议进行总结,列出治疗这些耐药菌感染的成人抗菌药物用法、用量建议(表1)。

1. 治疗耐药革兰阴性菌感染的抗菌药物用法及剂量建议

图片

AmpC-E: ApmC β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌目细菌; CRAB: 碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌; CRE: 碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌; ;ESBL-E: 产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌目细菌; IV:静脉注射; PO:口服; MIC:最低抑菌浓度

第二部分 耐药菌感染的经验治疗推荐

该指导建议中的治疗推荐,均假设病原菌及其体外敏感性已明确。两种抗菌药物的有效性、安全性、费用和便利性一致的情况下,当地药物的可及性是选择其中某一种抗菌药物的重要考量因素。

• 经验性治疗

药物选择应基于最可能感染的病原菌、患者疾病的严重程度以及可能的感染部位。临床医生在决定给予经验治疗时应该考虑:

1. 6个月内患者曾检出的病原菌以及相关药敏情况

2. 30天内抗菌药物的暴露

3. 最可能感染的病原菌在当地的耐药情况和检出的主要β-内酰胺酶耐药基因

对于CRAB以及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌尤其需要注意鉴别定植还是感染,因为非必要的抗菌药物使用会导致耐药的发生,产生抗菌药物耐药相关的附加损害。

• 疗程

没有提供疗程推荐,对于耐药病原菌的感染没有必要较同类敏感病原菌延长疗程。

对于膀胱炎(典型的轻症感染),如果药敏结果显示初始经验治疗选择药物无活性,但临床症状缓解,无需重复尿培养和更换抗菌药物或延长疗程。

对于其他部位的感染,如果药敏结果提示初始经验治疗的药物无抗菌活性,推荐更换为有效的药物并予以完成治疗疗程(从开始使用有效的药物算起)。

对于耐药菌感染疗程的长短需要考虑宿主因素、免疫状态、感染源是否控制、对于治疗的应答等因素。

只要可能,满足以下情况时,需要考虑口服序贯治疗:1)证实有敏感的口服药物;2)患者血流动力学稳定;3)已实施合理的感染源控制措施;4)胃肠吸收没有问题。

第三部分 AmpC-E感染

阴沟肠杆菌、产气克雷伯菌、弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌在临床上有中到高产AmpC风险。

一些β内酰胺类抗生素有相对高的诱导AmpC产生的风险。在选择药物时,需同时考虑该药物是否会诱导ampC基因表达和会被AmpC水解。

氨基青霉素(如阿莫西林、氨苄西林)、窄谱(如第一代)头孢菌素、以及头霉素是潜在的AmpC诱导剂。上述有中到高产AmpC风险临床病原菌,在ampC表达为基础水平时即可水解这些抗生素,因此AmpC-E药敏检测时通常对这些药物不敏感。亚胺培南也是AmpC的潜在诱导剂,但亚胺培南可对抗AmpC-E的水解。厄他培南和美罗培南并未发现潜在的诱导作用,但与亚胺培南相似,它们通常都可以抵抗AmpC的水解。头孢吡肟的优势在于它是一个弱的AmpC诱导剂同时可以抵抗AmpC的水解。

建议在头孢吡肟MIC≤2mg/ml时,使用头孢吡肟用于治疗上述有中到高产AmpC风险的病原菌。在头孢吡肟MIC≥4mg/ml时使用碳青霉烯类,因为可能存在同时产ESBL的情况。哌拉西林-他唑巴坦不建议用于治疗上述病原菌引起的严重感染。

尽管新型β内酰胺类(如cefiderocol)以及β内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂(如头孢他啶-阿维巴坦、亚胺培南-relebactam、美罗培南-vaborbactam)相较哌拉西林-他唑巴坦对于AmpC-E感染有效性提高,但建议保留这些药物用于治疗碳青霉烯类耐药的病原菌感染。

第四部分 CRAB感染 

对于轻度CRAB 感染,可以单用有活性的药物(高剂量的氨苄西林-舒巴坦、多粘菌素B、四环素类)治疗。对于CRAB引起的尿路感染建议黏菌素(多黏菌素E甲磺酸盐)而不是多黏菌素B

中至重度 CRAB 感染,至少使用两种具有体外活性的药物联合治疗。四环素类药物中,建议首先考虑米诺环素,因其长时间的使用经验以及已有CLSI对其敏感性的解读标准。高剂量的替加环素也可作为备选。目前尚不建议使用依拉环素,直至获得更多临床数据。大剂量延长输注时间使用美罗培南也可以考虑作为中至重度的CRAB感染联合用药之一。不建议在没有第三个药物的情况下,仅使用多黏菌素以及美罗培南两药联用治疗CRAB感染。头孢地尔应限制在对其他药物耐药或不耐受的CRAB感染的治疗,且联合用药。不建议使用利福霉素类,直至有确认的临床获益的研究。

不建议对于CRAB呼吸道感染加入雾化吸入的抗菌药物治疗。

第五部分 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染

对于轻度感染,建议选择TMP-SMX、米诺环素、替加环素、左氧氟沙星或头孢地尔单药治疗;对于中度至重度感染,建议采用以下三种方法中的一种:(1) 使用联合治疗,以 TMP-SMX 和米诺环素为首选组合,(2) 开始 TMP-SMX 单药治疗,如果治疗反应不佳,添加第二种药物(米诺环素 [首选]、替加环素、左氧氟沙星或头孢地尔);或 (3) 预计其他药物不耐受或无活性时,联合使用头孢他啶-阿维巴坦和氨曲南。

点评

1. IDSA指导建议(Guidance)新鲜出炉,202111月刚发布,聚焦三个耐药革兰阴性菌(产AmpC肠杆菌目细菌、CRAB及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌)感染的抗菌治疗。2020IDSA首次发布产ESBL肠杆菌目细菌、CRE及难治性铜绿假单胞菌三个耐药革兰阴性菌的抗菌治疗指导建议,受到业界关注,此次发布的三个耐药菌也是临床常见的棘手的感染问题,这2个指导建议实用性强,对耐药革兰阴性菌感染的治疗有较强的指导意义。

2. 指导建议中,对多个治疗耐药菌感染的老药及新药的临床应用及给药方案进行了详细的叙述,前者包括多黏菌素、复方新诺明、米诺环素、磷霉素、环丙沙星等,后者包括头孢他啶-阿维巴坦、美罗培南-法硼巴坦、亚胺培南/西司他丁-雷利巴坦、头孢地尔、依拉环素及plazomicin等,说明老药在治疗耐药革兰阴性菌感染中仍有一定的价值,指导建议中所列的新药中,我国上市的尚不多,但多个药物可能会在后续的1~3年上市,值得期待。

3. 除关注细菌耐药外,指导建议尚根据感染患者的感染病情轻、中、重度,推荐不同的治疗方案,轻症耐药菌感染可以单用,中重度感染推荐联合治疗。疗程长短需要考虑患者的宿主因素、免疫状态、感染源是否控制及治疗应答等因素,根据临床判断推荐序贯口服治疗。

4. 治疗本指导建议中列的耐药菌感染,往往需要较大的给药剂量,有多个抗菌药的给药剂量超出说明书的推荐剂量,如替加环素、舒巴坦,因而在用药过程中需要密切观察药物不良反应,有条件的单位推荐做治疗药物浓度监测(TDM)。

本指导建议对我们了解国际上最新的耐药革兰阴性菌的治疗动态,指导临床耐药菌治疗具有很好的价值。

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    2024-02-28 1483ca9dm97(暂无昵称) 来自陕西省
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    2021-12-12 xugc
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2189806, encodeId=b65921898063b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=243ee374570' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯#</a> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=14, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73745, encryptionId=243ee374570, topicName=碳青霉烯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d26b5279244, createdName=1483ca9dm97(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Feb 28 09:13:44 CST 2024, time=2024-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056608, encodeId=396620566089f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef65e3747c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73747, encryptionId=ef65e3747c4, topicName=碳青霉烯类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7a9987, createdName=gous, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 20:55:29 CST 2022, time=2022-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1361473, encodeId=faae13614e3fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=068a62e790' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DSA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6277, encryptionId=068a62e790, topicName=DSA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e94174, createdName=zhmscau, createdTime=Sun Dec 12 01:55:29 CST 2021, time=2021-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1396511, encodeId=8e5f1396511db, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=666b10292028' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鲍曼不动杆菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102920, encryptionId=666b10292028, topicName=鲍曼不动杆菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Sun Dec 12 01:55:29 CST 2021, time=2021-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1590858, encodeId=cfab159085883, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f296943248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IDSA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9432, encryptionId=f296943248, topicName=IDSA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=023e17872702, createdName=zzc2217, createdTime=Sun Dec 12 01:55:29 CST 2021, time=2021-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604350, encodeId=a01716043504a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=71b95335396' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感染病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53353, encryptionId=71b95335396, topicName=感染病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=337119178396, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Sun Dec 12 01:55:29 CST 2021, time=2021-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1078778, encodeId=2ef710e877848, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fae6158781, createdName=ms9000001161122116, createdTime=Fri Dec 10 14:24:40 CST 2021, time=2021-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-10 ms9000001161122116

    谢谢分享

    0