聚焦Science & Nature:“人造人”违反社会伦理

2015-03-23 佚名 生物谷

艾斯罗马(Asilomar),这个词可能在一般人脑海中浮现的是美国加州美丽的海滩。而在生物学家脑中恐怕就是另一幅景象了。 1975年,在艾斯罗马会议中心召开了异常别开生面的会议,与会者包括分子生物学家,物理学家以及律师。这项会议是围绕当时发明的DNA重组技术展开生物伦理方面的辩论。时过境迁,而如今科学家们又要迎来另外一个"艾斯罗马"-关于人造生命的伦理问题。   在艾斯罗马会议召开

艾斯罗马(Asilomar),这个词可能在一般人脑海中浮现的是美国加州美丽的海滩。而在生物学家脑中恐怕就是另一幅景象了。

1975年,在艾斯罗马会议中心召开了异常别开生面的会议,与会者包括分子生物学家,物理学家以及律师。这项会议是围绕当时发明的DNA重组技术展开生物伦理方面的辩论。时过境迁,而如今科学家们又要迎来另外一个"艾斯罗马"-关于人造生命的伦理问题。
 
在艾斯罗马会议召开的时候,当时DNA重组技术刚刚出现,人们对于改造生命的可能性还没有慎重的考虑过。然而,近几年多种先进的基因编辑技术:"CRISPR-CAS9,TALEN,ZFN"等等的出现,使得简单接受过分子生物学技术训练的人员都能够对卵子,精子,胚胎进行改造。从而对各类遗传疾病进行基因水平的治疗,并且可以引入优化的遗传特征。加州理工大学名誉主席,分子生物学家大卫.巴尔的摩(David.Baltimore)对这一问题表示担忧。
 
然而谣言甚嚣尘上,许多匿名的审稿人提到来自中国的生物学家已经开始在人的胚胎中进行基因编辑的测试,并且将相关的试验结果提交发表。虽然他们并没有试图继续培养这一胚胎,但是持保守态度的研究人员对这些谣言十分担忧,他们认为在这些技术真正合法的使用之前应该经过广泛的讨论,对它的优劣性做系统的评价。来自美国加州伯克利分校的Jennifer Doudna博士便是其中的一员。她曾经帮助开发了CRISPA-CAS9基因编辑技术。"有一些野蛮的实验室可能已经在人类胚胎上进行基因编辑实验了",针对这一情况,她在一月份的时候就组织了一次会议,召集了生物学家,伦理学家以及律师等人商讨如何合理地控制与使用这些技术的措施。
 
另外,《nature》与《science》杂志分别刊登了一篇相关评论。来自《nature》的文章是由Edward Lanphi(曾经帮助建立TALEN技术的科学家)以及四名工作人员撰写的,他们建议暂时停止任何在人体胚胎(或有可能发育为精卵细胞)的组织进行基因编辑操作。David.Baltimore与其16位同事在《science》杂志上发表文章称生物学家甚至不要尝试对人体生殖细胞进行基因编辑。当然如果在没有分化潜能的人类细胞系上进行基础研究还是可以允许的。
 
同时,《science》杂志也承认有一些基础的科学问题是需要在生殖细胞上进行基因编辑操作解释的。例如人为什么会不孕不育等。对生殖细胞进行"修理"会产生很多负面效应,而这些效应他们至今还无法解释。例如经过基因编辑后的猴子胚胎中会一大半会流产死亡。"脱靶效应"是一种可能的原因。
 
欧洲早就有法律禁止对人类胚胎与生殖细胞进行基因改造,但美国与中国还没有成型的法律条文。科学家们呼吁相关科学政策管理委员会对这一生命伦理问题引起足够的重视。

原始出处:

英文原文报道:Embryo engineering alarm
 

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    2015-05-06 liye789132251
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    2015-03-25 slcumt
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    2015-03-25 jichang
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