胸椎椎管内硬膜外海绵状血管瘤1例

2019-05-22 华德河 郝其全 孙海燕 脊柱外科杂志

患者男,48岁,因“渐进性双下肢麻木、无力1年,加重6个月”于2017年10月14日收住院。10年前因高处坠落伤致T4椎体压缩性骨折(图1a,b),伤后即感胸背部持续性钝痛,躯干及四肢感觉运动正常,经卧床休息等非手术治疗3个月后恢复正常生活。近1年出现感觉减退,由双下肢远心端向近心端渐进性发展,近10d发现双下肢渐进性无力,可站立、行走。查体示双侧肋弓以下平面痛、温觉及触觉减退,双下肢肌力4级,肛

海绵状血管瘤多为先天性发育不良的血管畸形,个别报道还认为其与遗传、辐射、外伤、妊娠有关。然而发生于外伤后的椎管内硬膜外海绵状血管瘤(SECH)比较少见。现报告本院2017年10月收治的1例外伤后胸椎SECH,并对PubMed、中国知网、万方数据、维普网等数据库近10年来已报道的国内外该类型病例进行文献复习,着重探讨SECH的病因、临床表现、诊断与治疗,以提高临床医师对本病的认识。

病例资料

患者男,48岁,因“渐进性双下肢麻木、无力1年,加重6个月”于2017年10月14日收住院。10年前因高处坠落伤致T4椎体压缩性骨折(图1a,b),伤后即感胸背部持续性钝痛,躯干及四肢感觉运动正常,经卧床休息等非手术治疗3个月后恢复正常生活。近1年出现感觉减退,由双下肢远心端向近心端渐进性发展,近10d发现双下肢渐进性无力,可站立、行走。查体示双侧肋弓以下平面痛、温觉及触觉减退,双下肢肌力4级,肛门括约肌肌力4级,大便控制差,生理反射存在,双侧病理征阴性。胸椎MRI示T3~5水平椎管内硬膜外梭形肿物,位于胸髓背侧偏右,并经右侧椎间孔向外生长(图1c,d);脊髓明显受压,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描示肿物均匀强化,邻近椎体及附件未见明显破坏(图1e,f)。初步诊断为胸椎(T3~5)椎管内硬膜外肿物。

治疗方法及结果

对患者完善常规检查并排除手术禁忌证,于2017年10月16日在全身麻醉下经后正中入路行胸椎椎管内肿物切除并椎板回植术。术中整块切除T4,5椎板,可见约3CM×2CM×2CM大小的肿瘤完全位于硬膜外,呈暗红色、椭圆状、质软、血供丰富、包膜完整、边界清楚,部分突入右侧椎间孔内(图1h,i)。术中小心完整剥离肿瘤组织后行椎板回植并用钛板固定,留置负压引流管1根,逐层关闭切口。术中行神经电生理监测,体感、运动诱发电位波幅及潜伏期未见明显变化。

术后肿瘤组织标本常规行HE染色,镜下可见肿瘤主要由大量薄壁血管组成,其内充满红细胞,血管壁仅由单层内皮细胞和胶原纤维组成,缺乏肌层和弹力层(图1j)。病理检查结果证实为海绵状血管瘤。术后14d患者双下肢肌力恢复至4+级,大便控制好转,感觉恢复至4+级。术后3个月随访复查,X线片示内固定位置良好,双下肢肌力5级,麻木感基本消失(图1k,l)。

讨论

海绵状血管瘤可发生于身体任何部位,最常见为脑实质内幕上区,很少发生于椎管内硬膜外,SECH约占所有硬膜外肿瘤的4%,约占椎管内血管瘤的12%。

该病起源尚不清楚,既往文献报道认为海绵状血管瘤为发育不良的血管畸形。有文献报道海绵状血管瘤可能为散发性或家族性分布。Labange等报道10%的海绵状血管瘤与家族遗传有关。家族性分布分析表明此病与遗传和染色体紊乱有关。有关婴儿海绵状血管瘤的报道表明,其可能是由全能的血管增生细胞或先天性血管发育不良疾病发展而来。散发性是指后天获得性血管瘤,可能与辐射、外伤、妊娠有关,创伤和辐射会造成炎性细胞和炎性因子聚集,可能会促进病理性血管的生成。有些血管瘤与妊娠相关,可以表达性激素受体,性激素可能在血管瘤的生长和发展中起重要作用。高血流动力学是导致血管瘤在妊娠期增殖和生长的另一个可能原因。本例患者有高处坠落外伤史,发病是否与外伤有关,尚无法确定。

笔者复习文献发现,该病好发于40~60岁男性,绝大部分位于胸段水平,少数发生在腰骶部。典型临床表现主要源于血管瘤对脊髓或神经根的压迫,表现为慢性进展性、相应平面以下的感觉及运动障碍,但非特异性;急性发作则源于血管瘤出血或血栓形成。本例患者症状、体征呈缓慢进展性加重,与文献报道相符。

SECH属于硬膜外良性病变,辅助检查主要包括CT及MRI等。CT表现为等密度病灶,有占位效应,但不能对病变做出定性诊断。MRI具有良好的软组织分辨能力,且可以多方位、多参数成像,是目前公认的椎管内肿瘤定位及定性诊断的最佳方法。定位诊断依据:①肿瘤侧蛛网膜下腔变窄;②脊髓受压变形、变细、移位;但脊髓信号常无异常改变。定性诊断依据:①病灶大多为长椭圆形或长梭形,也可为分叶状;②大多数表现为T1WI呈等信号或低信号,T2WI呈均匀高信号,个别病例因瘤内出血、钙化、纤维化或瘤周含铁血黄素沉积导致T1WI、T2WI信号混杂;③增强扫描时病灶强化明显;④病变可压迫、包绕脊髓;⑤部分病灶可沿椎间孔向外生长,但无骨质破坏。本例患者符合上述诊断表现。

该病的鉴别诊断包括淋巴瘤、脑膜瘤、浆细胞瘤和未知原发性病变转移瘤。此外,诊断时还需与血管脂肪瘤、硬膜外血肿、神经纤维瘤、软骨瘤、脊膜瘤、表皮样囊肿及皮样囊肿等疾病相区别。众多文献均推荐手术治疗,考虑到患者症状呈渐进性恶化,SECH一旦临床诊断成立,应尽早手术干预,解除肿瘤对脊髓的压迫。对于肿瘤不能完全切除的患者可通过脊柱图像引导立体定向放射外科(SRS)辅助治疗。文献报道的此类患者全部采取手术治疗,但文献作者多为放射科医师,多数病例术后随访情况不详。本例患者术后随访3个月时双下肢肌力5级,麻木感基本消失,术后运动及感觉障碍明显改善,手术疗效确切。因此,早期诊断和治疗是提高疗效的关键。本例患者行胸椎后路减压椎板回植术,完全切除病变组织,脊髓受压明显解除,术后功能恢复满意。

原始出处:

华德河,郝其全,孙海燕,高孟亮,孙中政,王永才,谢震.胸椎椎管内硬膜外海绵状血管瘤1例报告[J].脊柱外科杂志,2019,17(02):150-152.

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    2020-01-05 bugit
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    2019-05-24 yyj065
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    2019-05-24 cooco

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