误诊为多发骨腱鞘囊肿的髋关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎1例

2019-06-22 梁桂平 卢贺 顾一帆 实用骨科杂志

27岁女性患者,因“左髋关节疼痛1年,加重1个月”于2016年12月20日入院。患者自诉1年前行走时突然出现左髋卡顿感,当时有疼痛,活动后疼痛及卡顿感缓解,此后上述症状反复出现,并感疼痛逐渐加重,曾在当地医院就诊,予对症止痛等治疗,未做系统诊治,症状缓解不明显。1个月前患者感左髋疼痛明显加重,久行久立时疼痛明显。2016年12月13日在我院门诊行髋关节CT平扫+骨盆DR(见图1),左侧髋臼及左侧股

病历资料

27岁女性患者,因“左髋关节疼痛1年,加重1个月”于2016年12月20日入院。患者自诉1年前行走时突然出现左髋卡顿感,当时有疼痛,活动后疼痛及卡顿感缓解,此后上述症状反复出现,并感疼痛逐渐加重,曾在当地医院就诊,予对症止痛等治疗,未做系统诊治,症状缓解不明显。1个月前患者感左髋疼痛明显加重,久行久立时疼痛明显。2016年12月13日在我院门诊行髋关节CT平扫+骨盆DR(见图1),左侧髋臼及左侧股骨头多发小囊状密度影,考虑良性病变,建议MRI进一步检查;2016年12月15日髋关节MRI(见图2),左髋关节改变,考虑良性病变,骨内多发腱鞘囊肿可能,建议随访;右髋关节少量积液;本院以髋关节疼痛查因收入院。患者既往体健,否认高血压糖尿病、冠心病、类风湿、狼疮等疾病;查体:左髋关节无肿胀,肤色肤温正常,关节被动内外旋、内收、外展、前屈、后伸功能正常,左髋关节内收内旋位屈伸活动时疼痛,左侧4字征(+),双下肢肌力、肌张力、感觉正常。入院后查血常规、肝肾功能、血脂、血糖、HLA-B27、凝血、输血、C反应蛋白、血沉、抗“O”、类风湿因子、尿酸、肿瘤标志物、类风湿抗体、自身免疫抗体均未见明显异常。



诊断:左髋关节疼痛查因:骨内多发腱鞘囊肿。患者左髋关节疼痛明显,MRI提示左髋关节病变,骨内多发腱鞘囊肿,排除手术禁忌症,遂于2016年12月27日行髋关节外科脱位探查+植骨术。手术经过:选择Kocherlangenbeck切口切开阔筋膜,显露大粗隆,用摆锯在大粗隆外上方做1CM左右截骨,将分离的骨块连同臀中肌推向髋关节前方,沿股骨颈长轴在大转子前方至髋臼Z型切开关节囊;外旋股骨将股骨头脱出,探查见髋臼圆韧带有病变滑膜附着,刮勺探查见髋臼内囊性改变,分别取囊内、髋臼侧病变组织行病理检查,清除髋臼滑膜,予髋臼内行植骨打压,冲洗伤口,复位股骨头,修复关节囊,用两枚皮质骨螺钉将大粗隆骨块原位固定于大粗隆处,逐层缝合,关闭术口。术后病理提示(见图3):(左髋臼病变滑膜)送检组织镜下见滑膜细胞绒毛状增生,局灶呈结节样增生,可见单核样细胞,泡沫细胞及多核巨细胞增生,伴出血。上述形态结合临床考虑色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎;(左髋臼病变骨组织)送检增生的纤维组织,少量软骨和破碎的骨组织,伴少量慢性炎症细胞浸润,细胞未见明显异型。诊断:色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎。术后1个月、6个月、15个月规律骨盆DR随访提示骨囊变区较前缩小,左髋退变(见图4);左髋关节疼痛消失,活动正常,病情未见复发。
 
讨论

色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)好发于髋、膝、踝等大关节,临床罕见,发病率为每百万分之1.8,发病以30~40岁青中年人群为主,有遗传倾向,早期确诊困难。

目前本病发病机制仍未明确,发病与慢性炎症及肿瘤密切相关。Oehler等研究报道,关节内慢性炎症是绒毛结节性关节炎发病过程中的重要致病因素。关节内慢性炎症会增加关节内出血的风险,导致关节内巨噬细胞吞噬含铁血红素的能力受到影响,因此关节内含铁黄素沉积,由此激发B淋巴细胞及成纤维细胞介导一系列慢性炎症反应,类似于肿瘤细胞增殖过程,Choong等则认为此病是肿瘤的一种,特点是病变滑膜具有局部侵蚀性,常侵犯周围骨组织。髋关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎由于病变滑膜对周围骨的侵蚀性,X线可表现为骨内囊性变。张庆文等报道了42例PVNS中36例患者髋臼及股骨头存在3处以上大小不等囊变区,且42例患者均存在不同程度关节间隙变窄。

本例患者术前骨盆DR提示髋臼边缘硬化、关节间隙变窄,髋臼及股骨头内多发囊变,与张庆文等人报道一致。磁共振检查对诊断有一定价值,但缺少特异性,特征表现为T2像低信号,本患者磁共振未见明显增生肿胀的滑膜信号,是造成误诊为骨内腱鞘囊肿的重要因素,但磁共振对评估疾病病变范围及手术完整切除病变组织,减少术后复发仍有重要意义。骨内腱鞘囊肿是局限于关节软骨下的良性囊肿,是由纤维组织构成的囊样病变,与本病不同的是,骨内腱鞘囊肿不伴有关节间隙变窄,磁共振T2像表现为高信号;术后病理是鉴别二者的金标准,在临床遇到以髋关节多发骨囊肿,伴关节间隙变窄,磁共振未见明显滑膜病变,需警惕PVNS。

原始出处:

梁桂平,卢贺,顾一帆,牛维.误诊为多发骨腱鞘囊肿的髋关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎1例报道[J].实用骨科杂志,2019,25(05):478-480.

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    2019-10-01 sunylz
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    2019-06-24 pcw106

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