Cell Rep:控制“饥饿神经”?吃到含热量的食物是关键!

2017-12-09 Flora 生物探索

我们常常在“减肥”和“食欲”之间反复挣扎。科学家们发现这背后有一类关键的神经元——AGRP神经元,控制着饥饿感。现在,来自于宾夕法尼亚大学的研究团队解析了该神经元“活跃”、“平静”背后的生物学机制,证实营养是调控饥饿系统的关键因素!

我们常常在“减肥”和“食欲”之间反复挣扎。科学家们发现这背后有一类关键的神经元——AGRP神经元,控制着饥饿感。现在,来自于宾夕法尼亚大学的研究团队解析了该神经元“活跃”、“平静”背后的生物学机制,证实营养是调控饥饿系统的关键因素!

感觉饿的时候,看到食物上桌心里会满足。但是一旦到嘴的食物被撤走,这种令人不快的饥饿感会再次出现,直至真正吃到食物。

这种看似简单的生活经验背后却有着复杂的生物学机制——最新一篇发表在《Cell Reports》期刊上的文章揭示,虽然食物的视觉、气味刺激能够暂时性关闭控制饮食的神经元,但是饥饿神经元只有接收到来自于胃部的信号(吸收到卡路里)才会真正关闭。

“当神经元处于活跃状态,它们会传递出‘你最好去吃点东西’、‘你饿了’的信号。” 文章作者、宾夕法尼亚大学的生物系助理教授J. Nicholas Betley表示,“它们是一个敏感的警报系统。最新研究证明,营养是这个警报系统的主要调控因素。”

1.饥饿神经元

大脑的下丘脑区域负责控制饥饿感,包含一类饥饿敏感细胞——AGRP神经元。在早期的研究中,Betley团队发现,当饥饿时,动物的AGRP神经元会显著活跃。开始进食或者仅仅闻到、看到食物时,这些神经元活跃度会迅速减少。

现在,研究团队想要区分“看/闻食物”与“真正吃到食物”对AGRP神经元的影响。


肠脑之间存在控制进食行为的关联机制(图片来源:University of Pennsylvania)

2.关键是吃到含有热量的食物

同样以转基因小鼠为模型,利用钙元素(神经元活动标志物)增加AGRP神经元一受体分子的荧光性,从而便于研究人员追踪神经元的活动模式。当研究人员让小鼠看到食物时,其AGRP神经元活跃度会下降,并在进食后一直保持低水平。

但是,如果小鼠得到的是它们从未见过的食物,依然能够表现出正常的饱腹感吗?为了找到答案,研究人员给小鼠食用一种草莓口味、不含热量的凝胶(陌生的食物),结果显示,仅仅看或者闻食物,并不会影响AGRP神经元的活跃水平。

当摄取这一凝胶食物之后,小鼠AGRP神经元活跃水平会出现短暂的降低,大约持续200秒。而且,当反复试验之后,小鼠饥饿神经元活跃水平降低的效果会下降,持续时间会缩短。这表明,小鼠将凝胶的味道与其缺乏热量联系起来了。所以,饥饿神经元“识破骗局”,重新回到活跃状态。

而且,当这些动物随后食用一种有热量的凝胶(味道一样)时,AGRP神经元的活跃度会降低,且保持在低水平。即便研究人员进行反向试验——先吃含热量的凝胶,后吃不含热量的凝胶。结果依然一样。

这意味着,小鼠大脑内的神经回路会将食物的视觉、嗅觉刺激与卡路里关联起来。简单的视觉、嗅觉刺激并不能抑制饥饿神经元的活跃度。

3.3种激素会抑制饥饿神经元

为了证实只有含有热量的食物才会抑制饥饿神经元,研究团队直接将食物注入小鼠胃部。结果发现,AGRP神经元的活跃度取决于食物的剂量和存在时间。简而言之,小鼠胃部卡路里越多,神经元活动降低越明显。

很显然,这些营养物质会给大脑传递了一个信号。但是,如何做到的呢?研究人员发现,消化过程中分泌的激素(例如缩胆囊素、胰淀素、肽酪氨酸),会抑制AGRP神经元。当研究人员将这3种激素(低剂量)混合在一起,它们会协同作用,共同降低AGRP神经元活跃度。

虽然基于这3种激素的治疗方法已经成功适用于人类,但是有效剂量常常会导致恶心。现在在小鼠身上,研究人员并未发现不适症状,因为每一个激素都是低剂量。

Betley团队希望进一步探索这些激素抑制饥饿神经元的原理,从而找到一种模拟肠道营养的方法。

少量、多次摄取食物是否会降低神经元的活跃度,从而减少食物总摄取量?Betley提出疑问,他希望借助这些基础性研究找到更好的饮食方式,从而达到控制体重的效果,为减少暴饮暴食、治疗肥胖提供潜在思路。

原始出处:
Zhenwei Su, Amber L. Alhadeff, J. Nicholas Betley, et al. Nutritive, Post-ingestive Signals Are the Primary Regulators of AgRP Neuron Activity. Cell Reports. 5 December 2017

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    2018-01-24 维他命
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    2017-12-11 yhy100201
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    2017-12-09 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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