ACC:新的心血管病预防“ABCDEF”法则,涵盖10个方面,加入房颤和心衰管理

2018-04-08 岱西 中国循环杂志

有80%心血管病是可以预防的,但如何做好心血管病预防,很有挑战。 2001年,就有人提出心血管病预防的“ABCDE”法则。不过时过境迁,随着循证医学证据的刷新,人口结构等的变化,原来的“ABCDE”更新为“ABCDEF”,内容涵盖了10个方面,并加入了房颤和心衰的管理。


有80%心血管病是可以预防的,但如何做好心血管预防,很有挑战。
 
2001年,就有人提出心血管病预防的“ABCDE”法则。不过时过境迁,随着循证医学证据的刷新,人口结构等的变化,原来的“ABCDE”更新为“ABCDEF”,内容涵盖了10个方面,并加入了房颤心衰管理
 
A:评估风险(Assess Risk)+抗血小板治疗(Antiplatelet Therapy)+房颤管理(AF)
 
B:血压管理(Blood  Pressure)
 
C:管好胆固醇(Cholesterol)+戒烟(Cigarette/Tobacco Cessation)
 
D:饮食和体重管理(Diet/Weight Management)+糖尿病(Diabetes)
 
E:体育锻炼(Exercise)
 
F:心力衰竭(Heart Failure)
 
具体如下:
 
A:评估风险(Assess Risk)+抗血小板治疗(Antiplatelet Therapy)+房颤管理(AF)
 
心血管病风险的评估:
 
一级预防:
 
从20岁开始,至少每隔4~5年进行一次心血管危险的评估;
 
对40~79岁无症状人群(若尚未用他汀),应用心血管风险评估工具来评估其动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的风险,以及发生心肌梗死或脑血管事件的10年风险;
 
HIV患者或慢性炎症患者,以及有先兆子痫、妊娠高血压、多囊卵巢综合征和/或妊娠糖尿病史的女性,其风险通常要比评估出的风险要高;
 
当基于风险评估的治疗决策不确定(如10年心血管病风险在5%~20%这一范围)时,可考虑应用冠脉钙化积分;
 
20~59岁人群,评估其30年或终身动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险;
 
二级预防:如果已经有明确的心脑血管病,应进行全面而积极的心血管危险因素的管理。
 
抗血小板治疗:

一级预防:如果评估10年心脑血管病风险≥10%,平衡获益和出血风险后,可考虑服用阿司匹林81 mg /天。
 
二级预防:
 
长期服用阿司匹林81~162 mg /天(Ⅰ级);
 
冠脉介入后除予以阿司匹林外,还需予以氯吡格雷、普拉格雷或替格瑞洛等P2Y12抑制剂(Ⅰ级):裸金属支架,P2Y12抑制剂应服用≥1个月;药物洗脱支架,服用P2Y12抑制剂≥1年;
 
若采用双联抗血小板治疗,阿司匹林每日服用81 mg。
 
若急性冠脉综合征(ACS)事件后没有行冠脉介入治疗,需服用氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛;
 
有脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血病史者,勿用普拉格雷。70岁以上人群尤其要小心;
 
非心原性缺血性脑卒中后,应服用予阿司匹林81~325 mg /天或氯吡格雷(Ⅰ级);
 
房颤管理
 
一级预防:控制和预防高血压、肥胖、饮酒、睡眠呼吸暂停和糖尿病等危险因素。
 
二级预防:CHA2DS2-VASC≥2的患者应用华法林或直接口服抗凝药物;CHA2DS2-VASC ≤1给予阿司匹林;同时考虑心律控制。
 
B:血压管理(Blood Pressure)
 
一级预防和二级预防:
 
坚持改善生活方式,比如保持正常体重、适宜运动、限制钠摄入;一年至少量取一次血压;
 
血压靶目标为<130/80 mmHg;
 
根据高血压阶段和心血管病风险来启动降压药物治疗,对于10年风险<10%者可长期关注生活方式的改善;
 
尽量进食新鲜食材,要选取低盐或无盐者;烹调食物,使用香料等调味,以减少钠盐的摄入;
 
少吃六种含钠多的食品:面包或面包卷、罐装汤、冷盘/腌肉、比萨饼以及预加工好的家禽肉类以及快餐店的汉堡包。
 
增加水果,蔬菜,全谷物和坚果(Ⅰ级);
 
限制酒精:男性每天不超过两杯,女性每天不超过1杯。
 
C:管好胆固醇(Cholesterol)+戒烟(Cigarette/Tobacco Cessation)
 
管理胆固醇
 
一级预防:
 
生活方式干预(Ⅰ级);
 
对于明确获益大于风险的患者给予中强度他汀治疗(Ⅰ级);
 
对于心血管病风险≥7.5%的患者,风险评估后强烈考虑中强度他汀治疗;如果心血管病风险为5%~20%,他汀使用风险获益不明确,可选择性应用冠脉钙化扫描进一步明确;
 
即使患者心血管病风险不明确,但对于LDL-C≥160、有早发心血管病家族史、终身心血管病风险高、存在冠脉钙化(当超过年龄和性别所对应的75%危险性时或冠脉钙化绝对积分≥100),均支持应用他汀类药物(Ⅱb);
 
在接受高强度他汀治疗后,家族性胆固醇血症患者和LDL-C≥70,非HDL-C≥100的患者,可予以依折麦布(Ⅱa)和(或)PSCK9抑制剂(Ⅱb);
 
二级预防:
 
生活方式干预(Ⅰ级);
 
中高强度他汀治疗(Ⅰ级);
 
在应用高强度最大剂量他汀治疗后,如果LDL-C≥70,非HDL-C≥100,并伴有心血管病事件高风险(如TIMI风险评分>3),考虑应用依折麦布(Ⅱa)和(或)PSCK9抑制剂(Ⅱb);
 
如果甘油三酯> 500 mg / dL,则应用贝特类药物(Ⅰ级)和/或高剂量Ω3。
 
戒烟
 
要加强宣传教育烟草对健康的危害;戒烟,包括给予药物治疗;避免二手烟暴露;
 
坚持5A原则:每次接诊均询问其吸烟情况;每次接诊均建议戒烟;每次接诊均评估其戒烟动机和意愿;提供戒烟帮助,制定合理戒烟计划;安排戒烟后第一周进行随访,强化戒烟效果。
 
D:饮食和体重管理(Diet/Weight Management)+糖尿病(Diabetes)
 
饮食的一级预防和二级预防:
 
在生活方式干预中,如果超重,通过限制热量摄入和增加体力活动来减轻体重的3%~10%(Ⅰ级);
 
目标体重指数(BMI)为18.5~24.9 kg/m2;体重检查每年一次(Ⅰ级);目标腰围(在髂嵴水平测量)男性为<94 cm,女性为<80 cm;
 
饮食上,不进食反式脂肪,减少饱和脂肪、高钠食品、含糖饮料、甜食、面包类和红肉的摄入(Ⅰ级);
 
增加水果蔬菜、全麦、坚果、家禽和鱼类,日食纤维25 g;
 
糖尿病:
 
一级预防:生活方式干预(Ⅰ级);空腹血糖<100,糖化血红蛋白<5.7%;
 
二级预防:目标HbA1c<7%(Ⅱb);始终坚持生活方式干预,控制体重、调脂;医学营养师调整饮食;二甲双胍为一线用药;ACEI或ARB是糖尿病高血压患者一线治疗药物,尤其当尿微量白蛋白与肌酐比>30;适宜随访。
 
E:体育锻炼(exercise)
 
每周进行一次至少150分钟的中强度有氧运动(Ⅰ级);
 
建议增加两天阻抗运动(Ⅱa);
 
根据自身活动情况,设立每日1万步或其他适宜合理锻炼目标;减少久坐时间;
 
有心血管病事件或射血分数降低(LVEF≤35%)的患者进行心脏康复训练(Ⅰ级);
 
F:心力衰竭(Heart Failure)
 
一级预防针对心力衰竭危险因素进行控制或治疗;
 
二级预防:坚持生活方式干预;使用降低HFrEF患者发病率和/或死亡率的药物(ACEI或ARB、ARNI、β阻滞剂、醛固酮拮抗剂、ISDN /肼苯哒嗪);在适当患者中考虑应用ICD / CRT-D(在≥3个月的最佳药物治疗或至少40天心梗后);进行心脏康复;利尿剂使用要注意体液平衡和症状缓解;HFrEF和HFpEF的血压目标是收缩压<130 mmHg;戒烟、管理血脂血糖。
 
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    2018-09-17 12177770m58暂无昵称

    非常好,感谢分享!

    0

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    2018-04-08 虈亣靌

    不错很喜欢很实用.值得推荐

    0

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