术中经食管超声心动图诊断升主动脉夹层1例

2020-08-07 张重,李龙艳,王锷 国际麻醉学与复苏杂志

1.病例报告

1.病例报告

1.1一般资料

患者女性,55岁,ASA分级Ⅳ级,体重58kg,身高158 cm;因胸闷、气促、心悸4个月余入院。既往体健。体格检查:体温36.5℃,心率58次/min,血压120mmHg/60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),呼吸频率12次/min;心尖搏动位于左侧第5肋间锁骨中线外侧0.5 cm,心律齐,三尖瓣区可闻及2~4级收缩期杂音。

术前经胸心脏彩超提示:①升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全(升主动脉直径为50mm);②左房左室大,左心功能减退;③肺动脉高压,估测肺动脉收缩压62mmHg;④室间隔及左室后壁稍增厚;⑤二、三尖瓣中度反流;⑥少量心包积液。胸部X线片显示:心影增大,左侧肋膈角变钝。

ECG显示:左房负荷过重,ST-T改变,请结合临床,V1~V3R波递增不良。主动脉CT血管成像显示:升主动脉瘤样扩张(升主动脉管腔为4.5 cm),主动脉硬化,右肾动脉起始部稍狭窄,心脏增大,请结合临床,L5双侧椎弓峡部不连并向前Ⅰ度滑脱。冠状动脉造影结果显示:冠状动脉有意义狭窄病变。血常规、肾功能、凝血常规、甲状腺功能、电解质均基本正常,B型钠尿肽原1357ng/L。

入院诊断:①心脏瓣膜病,主动脉瓣关闭不全,心脏扩大,心功能Ⅲ级;②升主动脉瘤。拟于CPB麻醉下行Bentall手术。

1.2麻醉过程

患者入室后开放静脉,常规心电监护,静脉给予咪达唑仑(生产批号:20180811,扬子江药业有限公司)1mg、舒芬太尼(生产批号:1171118,宜昌人福药业有限责任公司)40μg、依托咪酯(生产批号:20180710,江苏恩华药业股份有限公司)20mg、维库溴铵(生产批号:181001-2,浙江仙琚制药股份有限公司)8mg,行全身麻醉诱导,可视喉镜插管,顺利插入ID7.0#普通气管导管,机械通气;超声引导下右侧颈内静脉穿刺置管,左侧桡动脉穿刺置管直接测压,操作顺利。麻醉诱导后生命体征平稳,继续加深麻醉,置入经食管超声探头行经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echo cardiography,TEE)检查;麻醉维持持续泵入丙泊酚(生产批号:N2896,阿斯利康制药有限公司,瑞典)、维库溴铵、舒芬太尼,复合吸入七氟醚(生产批号:18121531,江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司)。

1.3TEE所见以及术中所见

术中TEE检查示在食管中段右室流入流出道切面中,主动脉瓣右冠瓣附近出现主动脉根部夹层,有内膜组织剥脱征象(图1);同时在食管中段主动脉长轴切面上也发现同样的情况(图2);继续检查升主动脉的上段未见明显夹层;在食管中段二尖瓣交界区测量二尖瓣反流缩流颈仅为2mm,为轻度反流(图3)。


与外科医师充分沟通后,将升主动脉插管部位尽量朝头端靠近,剪开升主动脉后,证实主动脉根部出现夹层,并且累及右侧冠状动脉开口(图4),且因二尖瓣病变程度轻微,本次手术暂不处理二尖瓣,遂行Bentall手术。手术顺利,CPB时长为2h48min,术中生命体征平稳,术后安返ICU。


1.4术后恢复情况

术后第2天,拔除气管导管,转回普通病房。术后第7天复查心脏彩超显示主动脉瓣+人工血管置换术后,人工血管血流通畅,左房高值,室间隔及左室后壁增厚,各瓣膜轻度反流。无明显异常后出院。

2.分析与讨论

主动脉瘤样扩张是成年人死亡的重要病因之一,其定义为主动脉的局部扩张超过预计值的50%(即大于等于正常预计值的1.5倍),胸主动脉分为3段:升主动脉(从主动脉瓣瓣环到右侧无名动脉的分支处)、主动脉弓以及降主动脉。

升主动脉长度大约为5 cm,又可以细分为两部分:一部分是位置较低的部分,称为主动脉根部,从主动脉瓣瓣环到升主动脉窦管结合部;另一部分是位置较高的部分,从升主动脉窦管结合部到右侧无名动脉分支;超过半数的胸主动脉瘤发生在升主动脉。升主动脉瘤样扩张往往是无症状的,通常是通过一些其他适应证进行经胸超声心动图检查才发现。当升主动脉瘤进一步发展,出现一些潜在的并发症(如主动脉破裂或者升主动脉夹层)时则往往需要外科手术或者抢救;而未出现并发症时,升主动脉瘤的外科手术干预时机则往往存在争议或需要反复斟酌。

2014年欧洲心脏协会指南推荐:对于马方综合征患者,升主动脉直径超过5.0 cm则需要外科干预;而对于夹层家族史患者,或每年瘤体增加超过3mm,或严重主动脉瓣反流以及计划怀孕的患者,升主动脉直径超过4.5 cm,即需要外科干预。本例患者术前经胸超声以及CT血管成像检查显示升主动脉直径的数值并不一致,诊断的直径分别为4.5 cm和5.0 cm,正好在需要外科手术干预的临界值。

2014年欧洲心脏协会指南对于急性主动脉综合征的各种诊断手段也做了如下比较:CT和MRI在诊断升主动脉、主动脉弓是否累及降主动脉夹层,判断直径大小以及是否存在血栓、穿透性主动脉溃疡,主动脉分支方面均为最佳诊断方式,而CT在壁内血肿方面较MRI稍差;临床上MRI的应用远远不及CT的应用范围广,因此临床上仍以CT为首选;而经胸超声的准确性最差,经食管超声在判断升主动脉的直径大小,是否存在血栓及壁内血栓,以及是否存在降主动脉夹层的诊断能力上不逊于CT和MRI。

该病例术前经胸超声提示主动脉瓣重度反流,并合并二尖瓣、三尖瓣中度反流,因此该例患者术前经过全科会诊讨论后决定行Bentall手术,应用带瓣人工血管作升主动脉和主动脉瓣替换及冠状动脉移植,并拟于术中行TEE检查,以进一步评估二尖瓣病变再进行相应处理。研究显示,CT血管成像联合三维重建技术对主动脉夹层动脉瘤诊断的参考价值接近于数字减影血管造影检查,可作为主动脉夹层动脉瘤的主要诊断手段,而螺旋CT和TEE对诊断主动脉夹层价值都较高,且差异无统计学意义。

本例患者手术中常规TEE检查成功诊断了升主动脉根部的夹层;发现二尖瓣反流为轻度,且反流机制主要为瓣环扩大引起的中心性反流,会随着手术后主动脉瓣重度反流的纠正导致左室一定程度的缩小而缓解,因此未对二尖瓣进行外科处理。本例患者术中TEE的使用对于患者的诊断和临床决策的正确判断起到了非常有益的帮助。

原始出处:

张重,李龙艳,王锷.术中经食管超声心动图诊断升主动脉夹层1例[J].国际麻醉学与复苏杂志,2019,40(8):765-767.

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    2021-08-29 心有灵犀一点通

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    0

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    2020-08-13 站在塔尖

    学习了

    2

    展开2条回复
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    2020-08-09 zhouqu_8
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