Nat Rev Drug Discov:激酶抑制剂药物路在何方?

2018-03-22 佚名 美中药源

今天《自然药物发现》杂志发表一篇由哈佛大学医学院两位学者撰写的文章(链接 ),介绍当前激酶抑制剂药物研发趋势、面临挑战、以及业界解决这些问题的技术革新。现在激酶抑制剂开始从肿瘤向其它疾病扩张、在肿瘤内部也从传统的受体激酶向更广泛的如转录激酶扩展。激酶抑制剂的主要问题包括病人耐药速度较快、靶点确证技术难度大、化合物选择性差等。针对这些难题业界的技术创新包括寻找更多与不可逆抑制剂反应的丝氨酸、开发蛋白

【新闻事件】:今天《自然药物发现》杂志发表一篇由哈佛大学医学院两位学者撰写的文章(链接 ),介绍当前激酶抑制剂药物研发趋势、面临挑战、以及业界解决这些问题的技术革新。现在激酶抑制剂开始从肿瘤向其它疾病扩张、在肿瘤内部也从传统的受体激酶向更广泛的如转录激酶扩展。激酶抑制剂的主要问题包括病人耐药速度较快、靶点确证技术难度大、化合物选择性差等。针对这些难题业界的技术创新包括寻找更多与不可逆抑制剂反应的丝氨酸、开发蛋白降解诱导剂如 PROTAC、使用 DEL 化合物库等。在选择性鉴定方面多种技术最近几年得到广泛应用,如 KiNative、Kinobeads、TPP(CETSA 的一个 应用 )等。

【药源解析】:激酶是最大的蛋白家族之一,人体有 518 个激酶,催化蛋白、脂类磷酸化。磷酸是极性最大的基团之一,多数生物物质加上磷酸后理化性质会发生巨大变化,生命过程利用这个类似烽火台的化学反应传播信息。继格力维 2001 年上市后现在已有 38 个激酶抑制上市,但除了 JAK 抑制剂外绝大多数都是肿瘤药物。主要原因是 1 / 3 的蛋白组可能被磷酸化,但是这些激酶的结合腔却十分相似,选择性抑制其中一个非常困难。这如同用斧头刮胡子,精度不太匹配。

这个选择性问题在临床上表现为毒副作用较大,在药物开发过程中也令靶点确证十分困难。这两个因素都把激酶抑制剂限制在肿瘤领域。肿瘤患者因为生命受到威胁需要被迫承受毒副作用,而肿瘤药物开发因为活性比较容易观察(细胞增长速度)所以即使选择性差也可能比较可靠地优化先导物。但是激酶显然不仅与肿瘤有关,事实上绝大多数重要疾病可能都与激酶活性异常有关,所以提高激酶抑制剂选择性、完善肿瘤以外疾病靶点确证和激酶药物优化体系意义重大。

提高选择性的一个策略是利用蛋白降解技术如 PROTAC。这个技术因为涉及生物过程比较复杂,不是与目标蛋白结合就能降解这个蛋白,所以即使选择性很差的化合物变成 PROTAC 后也可能选择性很好。另一个策略是利用深度搜索化学空间的新技术如 DEL,作者再次提到了葛兰素著名的 RIPK1 抑制剂。第三个策略是利用不可逆抑制。这有点令人难以理解因为不可逆抑制剂的臭名就来自脱靶副作用。但是因为不可逆抑制剂类似 PROTAC 需要两个步骤(结合、反应),所以增加了优化选择性的空间。另外作者举一个软药例子也比较有趣。这个不可逆抑制剂很快被降解失活,所以与目标蛋白反应以后就被代谢了,增加了选择性。

测定选择性也是一个技术障碍,因为测定一个化合物与一个特定蛋白结合容易、但测定与几万个蛋白的结合则是完全不同的问题。现在激酶内部选择性的鉴定技术有两大类。一是直接测量每个激酶亚组代表性激酶活性,然后外推到整个激酶家族。二是蛋白捕捉,即用一个与所有激酶结合的探针分子与目标分子竞争,然后测量哪些激酶的探针分子没有被目标分子取代。激酶以外的选择性更复杂,现在细胞内蛋白变性温度(CETSA)是最成熟的技术,化合物进入细胞后与蛋白结合、参与结合的蛋白变性温度会升高,所以可以在真实细胞环境内测量药物对所有表达蛋白的选择性。

靶点确证因为化合物选择性通常较差很难得到可靠结论,而全新靶点的生物功能也未知因素很多。这造成一个蛋、鸡死循环,即使你的化合物已经选择性好到可以治病也很难被现在的优化系统发现、尤其是非肿瘤药物。多数靶点发现来自基因学研究,虽然 RNA 敲低、DNA 敲除技术也存在选择性问题,但至少对激酶来说比化合物通常还好一点。一个关键问题是这些技术降低的是整个蛋白浓度,而化合物只抑制其催化功能。如果致病原因是一个激酶的催化外功能如与其它蛋白的结合,那么你化合物再好也不可能重复基因学研究结果。一个办法是用诱导蛋白降解技术把整个蛋白降解,但这个技术现在还在婴儿期。对于纯抑制剂开发现在有一个叫做失活蛋白敲入技术用于靶点确证,即把天然蛋白敲除、但加入一个没有催化活性但保留其它性质的代替激酶。如果这种动物对抗某个疾病,则该激酶抑制剂有效可能性很大。激酶抑制剂药物路在何方?提高选择性、改善优化体系。

原始出处:

Fleur M. Ferguson & Nathanael S. Gray. Kinase inhibitors: the road ahead. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.21.

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    2019-02-27 wangbingxhy
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    2018-11-01 liye789132251
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    2018-10-24 jklm09
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    2018-03-24 redcrab
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    2018-03-24 yankaienglish

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