BMJ:14万护士样本研究,每多上5年夜班,患糖尿病风险增加31%!

2022-05-12 乐一/Swagpp MedSci原创

今天(5月12日)是第111个“国际护士节”,今年我国护士节的主题是“关爱护士队伍,护佑人民健康”。

感谢白衣天使们的守护,祝愿所有护士节日快乐!

今天
(5月12日)是第111个“国际护士节”,今年我国护士节的主题是“关爱护士队伍,护佑人民健康”。
 
褪去衣服,他们是普通人;一旦穿上战袍,就化身成最美的“白衣天使”。此时此刻,无数的护士仍坚守在自己的岗位,他们或已进行了上百甚至上千人次的核酸检测,或刚刚查完房开始新一天工作,或即使在过了下夜班的时间仍在交接......他们,不舍昼夜、无微不至地守护着大众的健康,但是否有人关注过他们的身体呢?

“凌晨1:30,起床吃早饭;3:20,进入方舱,进行一些列准备工作;5:20,工作一个多小时后,身上衣服完全湿透;早晨8:33,褪去衣服准备下班,手上满是‘水泡’,脸上也因为口罩勒出了伤痕;早晨10:30,进行全身消毒和清洗后,终于躺下进入休息。”一位奋战在方舱一线的护士,用vlog记录下自己的一天。

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图源:新华网

早出晚归,甚至黑白颠倒,早已成为护士生活中的日常。每周2个白班、2个小夜班、1个大夜班的安排,都已经算作“理想状态”。然而,夜班工作对健康的伤害,远不止打破身体昼夜节律而已。

此前,BMJ上一项历时24年的前瞻性队列研究,以来自2项大型护士研究(Nurses’ Health Study 1988-2012和Nurses’ Health Study II 1991-2013)的14万多名女护士为样本,探究了夜间轮班工作以及生活方式因素与2型糖尿病风险的关系,发现护士值夜班的年限越长,患糖尿病的风险也越大。

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4641

研究中的“夜间轮班工作”被定义为,除当月的白班和晚班外,至少有3天及以上的夜班。在基线没有糖尿病、心脏病或癌症的情况下,经过22-24年的随访后,最终有10,915人罹患2型糖尿病。

结果显示,与不上夜班的护士相比,夜间轮班工作持续1-5年、5-9年、10年以上的护士,罹患2型糖尿病的风险分别增加11%、28%和46%。在通过BMI调整后,风险比略有下降,但仍显著。

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值夜班的年限与患2型糖尿病风险的关系

经过多变量调整后,研究者发现,每多经历5年这样的夜班生活,患2型糖尿病的概率增加31%(HR 1.31,95% CI 1.19 to 1.44)。如果还伴随低饮食质量、低身体活动、超重或肥胖的不良生活因素,风险会增加到2.83倍!

因此,上夜班对于护士们来说,会增加罹患2型糖尿病的风险,持续的时间越长风险也随之增加。如果再加上运动量不足或者饮食质量差,那更是雪上加霜。

不仅如此,经常性地值夜班,还会使护士“心力交瘁”。不但会破坏心脏的昼夜节律,而且影响了新陈代谢和激素分泌。

中国学者联合美国杜兰大学对于夜班引发心房颤动和冠心病进行了深入研究,结论发表于《欧洲心脏杂志》。这项基于英国生物数据库的大规模前瞻性队列研究结果表明,长期、频繁的夜间轮班工作,会显著增加心房颤动和冠心病发生风险。

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https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab505

这项研究从英国生物数据库中选取了近28.4万名没有房颤史的成年人。根据上夜班的情况,他们被具体分为了四组:白班组,轮班组(轮班但几乎不上夜班),少夜班组(上夜班但频率不高),多夜班组(经常上夜班)。在随访的近10年期间,共有5777人诊断出了房颤。

具体的调查结果显示,与只上白班的正常人群相比,经常或一直上夜班的人发生房颤的风险最高,增加了16%。同时,值夜班超过10年的工作者出现房颤的风险增加了18%。如果队列中所有人都不上夜班,大约会避免1.5%的房颤和2.6%的冠心病病例发生。

有趣的是,在每月上夜班次数<3次或>8次的人中,房颤风险并未增加;而平均每个月值3~8次夜班的人出现房颤的风险却增加至22%。

这可能是因为相对于不停倒班,固定夜班有助于形成稳定的生物钟,不至于影响人体睡眠饮食节律。曾有研究生物节律的专家建议“每个班别至少持续7~10天”。一周白班、一周夜班的“慢倒”,比较有利于身体健康。

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当前上夜班和曾经上过夜班的经历都与心房颤动和冠心病的风险增加有关

另外,对女性群体进行特别关注发现,长期上夜班主要“摧残”女士。女性更容易受到昼夜节律变化的影响,夜班超过10年的女士房颤风险增加64%,但男士不受明显影响。

勤于运动可以增强体质,更好地适应昼夜节律的改变,从而规避值夜带来的房颤风险。此项研究还发现,长期夜班的人如果每周运动量未达到150分钟的中等强度运动或75分钟的高强度运动,其房颤风险将会变得更高。而对于积极运动的人来说,上夜班带来的房颤风险要小一些。

综合以上2项调查,常年夜班会使得护士,尤其是女性护士患心房颤动、冠心病、2型糖尿病的概率大幅度上升。那么除了“辞职”这种下下策之外,我们还能怎样规避这种风险呢?

笔者拙见,在不得不“轮班”的潮流之下,可以参考护士连续值白班或者连续值夜班的工作模式。这一模式提出的初衷是减轻长期倒班所导致的慢性身体消耗,缓解疲劳和焦虑状态。国内诸多研究表明,连续夜班排班可彻底将护士生物钟颠倒过来,并在短时期内适应白天睡眠、夜间工作的模式,同时护士在睡眠质量上也能得到最大程度的保证。

其次便是保持适当强度的运动。主流的运动方式以有氧训练为主,包括步行、骑车、爬山、游泳、打乒乓球和羽毛球等。有节律的舞蹈、中国传统的拳操等也是合适的运动方式。大家判断运动强度是否合适最简单的方式是:运动时稍出汗,轻度呼吸加快但不影响对话。一般每周锻炼3~5 次就可以了。

如果是偶尔值夜班,可以尽量规律夜班后的补觉时间,让超负荷运作的身体得到充足的休憩。同时还要养成健康的饮食习惯,在膳食安排上应增加一些营养丰富的饭菜,吃些富有动物蛋白和植物蛋白的食物,如瘦肉、鱼虾、蛋类及豆制品、蔬菜等。一个好的身心状态,会大大削弱夜班期间生理紊乱带来的影响。

疫情之下,护士的工作压力变得更大,规律的生活对于他们而言几乎成为奢望。希望在守护他人的同时,白衣天使们记得也要关注自己的身体健康!

 

参考资料

[1]Shan Z, Li Y, Zong G, Guo Y, Li J, Manson J E et al. Rotating night shift work and adherence to unhealthy lifestyle in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes: results from two large US cohorts of female nurses BMJ 2018; 363 :k4641 doi:10.1136/bmj.k4641

[2]Ningjian Wang, Ying Sun, Haojie Zhang, Bin Wang, Chi Chen, Yuying Wang, Jie Chen, Xiao Tan, Jihui Zhang, Fangzhen Xia, Lu Qi, Yingli Lu, Long-term night shift work is associated with the risk of atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease, European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 40, 21 October 2021, Pages 4180–4188, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab505

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    2022-08-09 zhzhxiang
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    2022-08-27 gaoxiaoe
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    2022-05-13 ms1000002042811200

    👍

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1669486, encodeId=0bad166948601, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d7b620395d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#样本#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62039, encryptionId=9d7b620395d, topicName=样本)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f33226554040, createdName=zhzhxiang, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 03:15:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849411, encodeId=d79c1849411b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 20:15:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219479, encodeId=f0c812194e9ce, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91095556772, createdName=ms1000002042811200, createdTime=Fri May 13 22:36:51 CST 2022, time=2022-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219023, encodeId=58ec1219023eb, content=祝愿所有护士节日快乐!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=414e6477789, createdName=MS南菜园, createdTime=Thu May 12 12:01:24 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218916, encodeId=b9511218916b4, content=身体第一啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11ba8147741, createdName=ms6000000144182223, createdTime=Thu May 12 00:32:32 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218978, encodeId=8a6712189e86a, content=研发亱班护士机器人。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Thu May 12 09:43:19 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218944, encodeId=ae5c1218944b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f77e665253' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病#</a>哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76652, encryptionId=4f77e665253, topicName=糖尿病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8ba6319857, createdName=1064510_1039, createdTime=Thu May 12 07:32:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-12 MS南菜园

    祝愿所有护士节日快乐!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1669486, encodeId=0bad166948601, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d7b620395d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#样本#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62039, encryptionId=9d7b620395d, topicName=样本)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f33226554040, createdName=zhzhxiang, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 03:15:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849411, encodeId=d79c1849411b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 20:15:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219479, encodeId=f0c812194e9ce, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91095556772, createdName=ms1000002042811200, createdTime=Fri May 13 22:36:51 CST 2022, time=2022-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219023, encodeId=58ec1219023eb, content=祝愿所有护士节日快乐!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=414e6477789, createdName=MS南菜园, createdTime=Thu May 12 12:01:24 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218916, encodeId=b9511218916b4, content=身体第一啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11ba8147741, createdName=ms6000000144182223, createdTime=Thu May 12 00:32:32 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218978, encodeId=8a6712189e86a, content=研发亱班护士机器人。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Thu May 12 09:43:19 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218944, encodeId=ae5c1218944b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f77e665253' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病#</a>哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76652, encryptionId=4f77e665253, topicName=糖尿病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8ba6319857, createdName=1064510_1039, createdTime=Thu May 12 07:32:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-12 ms6000000144182223

    身体第一啊!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1669486, encodeId=0bad166948601, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d7b620395d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#样本#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62039, encryptionId=9d7b620395d, topicName=样本)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f33226554040, createdName=zhzhxiang, createdTime=Tue Aug 09 03:15:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1849411, encodeId=d79c1849411b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 20:15:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219479, encodeId=f0c812194e9ce, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91095556772, createdName=ms1000002042811200, createdTime=Fri May 13 22:36:51 CST 2022, time=2022-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1219023, encodeId=58ec1219023eb, content=祝愿所有护士节日快乐!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=414e6477789, createdName=MS南菜园, createdTime=Thu May 12 12:01:24 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218916, encodeId=b9511218916b4, content=身体第一啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11ba8147741, createdName=ms6000000144182223, createdTime=Thu May 12 00:32:32 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218978, encodeId=8a6712189e86a, content=研发亱班护士机器人。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Thu May 12 09:43:19 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218944, encodeId=ae5c1218944b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f77e665253' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病#</a>哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76652, encryptionId=4f77e665253, topicName=糖尿病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8ba6319857, createdName=1064510_1039, createdTime=Thu May 12 07:32:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-12 weigq

    研发亱班护士机器人。

    0

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