社区医疗服务能力提升不会一蹴而就,医疗保健消费卷或是解题良方

2020-08-06 崔小波(特约) 健康界

当前,医改面临的挑战包括缺乏好医生存在的土壤,医患关系紧张,医生正常收入偏低,卫生人力缺失严重。同时,居民老龄化现象已经显现,慢病增加并呈年轻化水平发展趋势,医学控制乏力。其主要原因不再是医院少或医疗

当前,医改面临的挑战包括缺乏好医生存在的土壤,医患关系紧张,医生正常收入偏低,卫生人力缺失严重。同时,居民老龄化现象已经显现,慢病增加并呈年轻化水平发展趋势,医学控制乏力。其主要原因不再是医院少或医疗技术低下,而是由在针对环境压力下,适合个人和家庭的医学知识、保健信息的传播程度低,可信度低造成的。

近几年在我国医疗保障体系中,号称已经与家庭医生签约的重点人群比例已经达到60%以上;但实际上很多人不知道自己是被签约,或从不去社区卫生看病。面对此状态,家庭医生也是一脸无奈。

家庭医生制度的建立在欧美已经有近百年的历史。其最基本的原则就是,居民自愿找家庭医生建立保健合同,社会医疗保险按照签约居民数量给家庭医生付费。但同时要求一名家庭医生的保健对象至少达到1200人以上;低于这个基本的工作量,社保不付费。高于2000名保健对象,社保也不同意,因为保健质量无法保证。医疗市场的形成不是一天完成的,而是几十年的持续互动和经验摸索,逐渐成熟的结果。

全科医学是在基层门诊基础上发展起来的新的医学专科;研究发现,在熟人门诊状态下,医生不需要设备,仅凭对其家庭情况的了解就可以诊断90%以上的疾病和疾患,包括家庭健康问题的处理。全科医学的研究成果发现,社会上每个人都是生活在不同的家庭周期里的,不同阶段家庭周期发生的健康问题是有差异和有规律的。

所以研究家庭结构和家庭文化生活方式,研究家庭的遗传性疾病,对于预防疾病和处理家庭健康问题都有极大的帮助。综合性和持续性的医疗保健现在已成为欧洲普遍的医疗体制。

欧洲的家庭医生可以做从孕产期保健到接生,预防接种的全部工作。政府对附加给家庭医生的预防保健工作,根据其复杂程度,按人口的年龄乘以工作量系数,如婴幼儿的数量,老年人的数量等,均给予单独的费用支持。保证了家庭医生的工作积极性和崇高的社会威望。

在英国,家庭医生组织代表公众的利益,购买全部二级和三级医院的服务。这样就抑制了大医院的无限制发展,同时也防止了大医院虹吸现象的出现。每年毕业的医学生是有计划培养的,一般是有一半的毕业生会选择全科/家庭医生的职业,因为这也是医学中的一个专科,和内外妇儿学科一样;选择了全科医学,也有成熟的学科发展、继续教育和职称晋升,有满意的从医收入,可以使自己和家庭过上体面的生活。所以很多人做门诊医生,一做就是一辈子,没有跳槽的想法。

与国际医疗市场不同的是,中国的政府掌握了几乎所有的卫生资源,医院、医生和资金,所以很少考虑医疗市场还有一只手,可以用来调节医疗质量和医患关系。当社会筹集的全部社保资金都抓在政府手里时,政府成立一个机构来管理老百姓筹集的社保资金的支出。其制定的支出原则是,社保就是看病的钱,没有病不能支出。预防的钱应该是政府出的,与我的社保无关。在财政制度上将预防和治疗人为的割裂开来。

那么,医生只能做与医疗相关的事情,吃药打针做检查,预防工作量再大,也不能从社保开支。这样就把基层的社区医生逼近死胡同;基层医生工作量越来越大,收入却是越来越低。因为政府给的预防的工作任务越来越多,而给医生的经费开支却越来越少。新冠疫情到来后,更是如此。中国的基层医生担负着最多的人口保健责任,却拿不到保健工作的回报。这也是很多基层医院难以招到全科医生的重要原因。

在比较了医疗市场的地位和作用的情况下,我们建议政府在推进全国医改和建立城市社区卫生服务体系过程中,可以尝试建立医疗保健消费卷来发展一个独立的基层医疗保健市场。

就像公交补贴一样,为每个居民每年发放一定价值的保健消费卷,例如一年200-300元。居民和其家庭可持两到三张保健消费卷,找到一位自己认为可以信任的医生,向其购买一年的保健服务,不用就作废。

医生也可以根据需方的保健要求,收取一定的特殊保健经费,居民一年内可随时免费向其咨询自己的健康问题。第二年,居民可视其服务的结果,选择适合自己的签约医生。但该消费卷内不包含药费,仅为常规检查和咨询。就像免费医疗一样,是提供给家庭医生服务的经费。

只有市场和资金的支持,家庭医生制度才可以长期的维系下来,医生也可以更重视每位居民签约带来的咨询和保健工作质量。这种做法不仅可以促进医患关系的改善,还可以提高医生自我学习的积极性,将医疗和预防有机的结合起来,使社区卫生团队整体的收入得到保证和提高。

五十多年来,社区全科医生制度在世界许多国家的发展都证明:它是符合医学模式转变的,既保证了医疗质量又节省了医疗费用,是病人满意效果良好的医疗体制。这也是从公共卫生和单纯治疗向个体保健管理时代的重大进步。

提升社区卫生服务质量既是对现行医疗体制的挑战,也是推动我国医疗体制改革发展的重大机遇。我们应该通过不断的改革,完善国家社区卫生服务的发展的方向和政策;使国家卫生资源配置逐步倾向社区卫生服务;在这过程中,政府必须运用政策和市场的两种手段来实现双向转诊,并且推崇全科/家庭医生成为一个新型专科,让大多数居民和家庭受益;完善社区卫生服务应成为我国整体医疗卫生体制改革的方向,也成为影响医生诊疗行为和居民就诊行为的重要因素。

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    2020-08-08 cindy

    学习了

    0

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    2020-08-07 ms4000000497292594

    三甲医院的小医生一枚,每天都要面对至少80个病人,其中真正需要来三甲医院的不到5%。

    0

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    2020-08-07 Arvin0001

    #医保卡#卡都换新了

    0

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