JCEM:妊娠体重增加对妊娠期葡萄糖和胰岛素生理的影响

2021-10-13 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

妊娠期间的妊娠糖尿病(GDM)对母亲和婴儿的短期和长期影响都是负面的。患有妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的妇女在妊娠期间发病的风险更高(包括妊娠高血压/子痫前期和复杂分娩(包括剖腹产)的风险)

  妊娠期间的妊娠糖尿病(GDM)对母亲和婴儿的短期和长期影响都是负面的。患有妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的妇女在妊娠期间发病的风险更高(包括妊娠高血压/子痫前期和复杂分娩(包括剖腹产)的风险),而且更有可能在以后患2型糖尿病(T2D)和心血管疾病。GDM妊娠比怀孕期间血糖正常的女性的后代新生儿发病风险要高,包括胎儿过度肥胖、出生创伤、新生儿低血糖、儿童肥胖和糖耐量受损。GDM不成比例地影响着有色人种的女性,将近百分之七的西班牙裔孕妇被诊断出患有GDM,而且GDM的患病率还在增加,因为西班牙裔女性罹患T2D的风险在美国所有种族/性别类别中已经是最高的,有52.5%的西班牙裔女性罹患T2D ,确定妊娠期GDM可干预的可改变风险因素,对于改善孕产妇和儿童结局、减少妊娠结局和长期糖代谢健康方面的种族差异至关重要。

  GDM是由葡萄糖代谢的变化引起的,这种变化通常开始于妊娠后半期,胰岛素抵抗增加以适应胎儿的生长。在没有发生GDM的女性中,β细胞胰岛素分泌增加弥补了胰岛素的抵抗,以调节血糖水平。然而,GDM患者没有足够的胰腺功能来克服增加的胰岛素抵抗。因此,确定影响妊娠期间胰岛素敏感性和β细胞分泌的可改变因素,特别是在西班牙裔妇女和其他有色人种中,可能是扭转GDM发病率上升趋势的关键。

  Lindsay等人在西班牙裔人群中假设,妊娠体重增加率(GWG)可能与妊娠期间葡萄糖代谢的变化有关。为了验证这一假设,他们对33名超重和肥胖的非糖尿病西班牙孕妇的数据进行了事后横断面分析,以确认她们没有GDM。使用标准化的液体混合餐行2小时葡萄糖耐量试验,他们检查了GWG率与葡萄糖和胰岛素曲线下面积值、胰岛素敏感性指数和胰岛素分泌敏感性指数(ISSI)之间的关系。他们发现,在他们的样本中,第2和第3个月的GWG率与β细胞功能呈负相关。他们得出结论,在这一高危人群中,妊娠期体重增加率可能是β细胞功能不足的一个可改变的因素,而β细胞功能不足可能导致妊娠期间的高血糖和T2D的长期发展。然而,在控制了协变量(母亲年龄、胎次和孕前BMI)后,妊娠体重增加率仅占ISIS -2方差的13.4%,表明其他重要因素也影响妊娠后期β细胞功能。

  Lindsay等人的发现为我们了解西班牙裔妇女的葡萄糖代谢提供了宝贵的资料。然而,他们的横断面研究没有评估妊娠前和妊娠早期两个关键时间点的糖代谢,留下了妊娠期间GWG对糖代谢影响最大的问题。越来越多的证据表明,怀孕早期体重增加可能是一个关键的可改变的风险因素。妊娠初期和中期早期的GWG与脐血激素密切相关,而脐血激素对血糖控制和身体生长非常重要此外,我们最近报道了一项孕前减肥干预的随机临床试验,干预组的妊娠早期(平均12周)GDM发生率(平均体重下降-0.23 kg/周)比常规治疗组(平均体重下降-0.02 kg/周)低73%这一发现与最近一项针对46名主要是白人孕妇的纵向研究一致,该研究发现,那些患有GDM的孕妇在怀孕前的胰岛素敏感性水平低于那些在怀孕期间糖耐量正常的孕妇,而妊娠期发生GDM的妇女和未发生GDM的妇女之间的胰岛素敏感性和胰岛素反应变化没有显著差异。这些研究的结果表明,妊娠早期的代谢环境可能对预防GDM至关重要,这可能解释了为什么孕前BMI与不良母婴结局的相关性比妊娠期体重增加更强。这表明,干预措施可能需要在怀孕前(或至少是早期)就开始,以对GDM风险有很大的影响。

  越来越多的证据表明,GDM是一种由几种不同表型组成的异质性疾病,包括胰岛素抵抗型GDM、胰岛素缺乏型GDM和混合型GDM(以胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素缺乏为特征)。我们需要更多的研究来让我们更全面地了解怀孕期间和不同美国人口中葡萄糖代谢的复杂变化。GO MOMS研究(NCT04860336)目前正在招募2000多名代表不同BMI和种族的孕妇,对妊娠期间多个时间点的血糖进行纵向研究。这项研究将能够建立在Lindsay等人的研究结果的基础上,提供全面的数据,以了解怀孕早期至分娩期间体重增加与整个孕妇群体以及高危亚组的糖代谢变化之间的关系。

原文出处:

 LeBlanc ES,  Hillier TA,The impact of gestational weight gain on glucose and insulin physiology in pregnancy-does timing matter?J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Oct 11

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    2022-09-27 仁者大医
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    2022-07-21 achengzhao
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    2022-04-23 baoya
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胰岛素使用剂量与调节,总结的不错!

胰岛素成人每日合成量约48个单位,每小时1个单位(为基础分泌,24小时分泌24个单位),三餐每餐约8个单位。

Cardiovasc Diabetol:胰岛素治疗会增加合并心衰的糖尿病患者的死亡风险!

与采用降糖药治疗相比,胰岛素治疗与糖尿病合并心力衰竭的患者的死亡率增加有关

胰岛素该如何调整剂量?何时调整?作为临床医生,你真正了解么?(二)

前期的文章我们学习了“三短一长”胰岛素强化方案的剂量计算,今天我们继续学习其他几种胰岛素的起始治疗方案。

Nat Immunol:李斌团队揭示胰岛素信号对脂肪组织驻留Treg不同亚型分化及功能调控机制

人体组织如皮肤、肌肉、大脑和结肠等组织特异性Treg细胞发育及其生理病理功能与多种重大疾病临床治疗密切相关,也是近年来本领域研究热点。单细胞测序发现部分外周组织Treg细胞染色质甲基化区域及其转录组与