医院感控ABC: 血培养,你做对了吗?

2020-10-09 金嘉琳 华山感染

01

01

什么情况下需要进行血培养?

所有临床怀疑细菌、真菌感染的情形,都有进行血培养的指征,如:

1)不明原因发热(体温 ≥ 38℃)或体温过低(体温 ≤ 36℃)或寒颤

2)白细胞计数增多(计数>10×10^9/L,中性粒细胞增多;或白细胞计数减少(计数<3×10^9/L)

3)有全身感染症状体征,有以下情况之一:皮肤粘膜出血、昏迷、多器官衰竭、休克等

4)严重的局部感染,如肺炎、脑膜炎、肾盂肾炎、腹腔感染等

5)接受侵入性操作,如静脉导管留置、导尿管留置、机械通气、血液透析等

6)免疫功能缺陷伴全身感染症状

7)临床怀疑感染性心内膜炎

02

什么时间采血合适?

1) 尽可能在使用抗菌药物治疗前采集血培养标本,如果患者已经开始使用抗菌药物治疗,可以在下一次用药前采集或换用新方案前

2) 尽可能在寒颤开始时,发热高峰前30~60min内采血

03

在什么部位采集血培养?

通常为肘静脉,切忌在静滴抗菌药物的静脉处采血。

04

采血几次比较合适?

成人:同时分别两个部位采血,每个部位需氧和厌氧各一瓶

儿童:同时分别两个部位采血,分别注入儿童瓶,厌氧瓶一般不采,除非怀疑厌氧菌感染

05

每份培养的采血量多少合适?

每增加1ml血液,阳性率提高3%-5%。采血量不足会降低血培养检出阳性率,每瓶采血量过多会造成培养基稀释,同样也会降低培养阳性率。

因此成人每培养瓶的适宜血量为5~10ml,每份培养最佳血量是20mL(10mL接种至需氧培养瓶,10mL接种至厌氧培养瓶)

婴幼儿根据孩子体重决定采血总量,不超过患儿总血量的1%。每儿童瓶适宜血量2~4ml。

06

采血套数和培养阳性率关系?抽几次血培养合适?

评估4次或以上血培养检出率的研究发现,取样培养数越多则真正病原体累积检出率越高,第1次为73%-80%,第2次为80%-89%,第3次为95%-98%,第4次为99%-100%。

因此,成人:最少2套,3套更好;

儿童:一般只采需氧培养瓶。因为一般情况下,厌氧菌感染概率比较低。在考虑厌氧菌感染可能时,需要加做厌氧菌培养,如分娩过程中延迟破膜的新生儿、母婴垂直传播的绒膜炎、慢性口腔或鼻窦感染、蜂窝组织炎(特别是肛周及骶骨)、腹部感染体征、咬伤、破伤风、脓毒性静脉炎、接受类固醇治疗的儿童。

07

怀疑导管相关血流感染时如何采集血培养?

保留导管和不保留导管时的做法是不一样的:

(1)保留导管:分别从外周静脉和导管内各采取1套血培养标本,在培养瓶上标注采集部位,送往微生物实验室,同时进行上机培养。2套血培养检出同种细菌,且来自导管的血培养标本报阳时间比来自外周的血培养标本报阳时间早2h以上,可诊断导管相关血流感染。

(2)不保留导管:在外周静脉采集2套血培养标本。同时,通过无菌操作剪取已拔出的导管尖端5cm,在血平板上交叉滚动4次进行送检。或采用超声震荡法留取菌液接种。从导管尖端和外周血培养培养出同种同源细菌,且导管尖端血平皿的菌落计数>15 CFU有意义。

08

采集好的血培养标本的存放温度?

采集后最好能立即送检,在2h内送达实验室。如果不能及时送检,应室温暂存,血培养瓶接种前后都禁止放冰箱。

09

培养时间需要多久?

使用基于仪器的持续血培养监测系统,在48小时内可检测出大多数有临床意义的菌血症。真菌血症的检测可能需要继续培养24-48小时。无论是普通还是苛养病原体(如,HACEK菌群成员),采用现代自动化血培养检测系统进行保温培养均可在5日内检出,而丙酸杆菌属可能需要更长的时间。

10

血培养阳性一定是血流感染吗?

血培养阳性代表持续性或间歇性菌血症。不过极少数情况下,血培养也会出现假阳性。假阳性结果一种是仪器假阳性(即血培养仪显示阳性,但是肉汤血培养革兰染色未见微生物,直接微生物检测阴性,传代培养也阴性)。另一种是血标本采集和处理过程中污染造成。即使操作过程严格遵守无菌规范和操作规范,也会出现一定的污染率,但是应以低于3%为宜。

11

如何判断血培养阳性结果是否为假阳性?

在评估血培养细菌分离株的意义时,要结合分离得到的具体微生物、血培养的数量及其阳性率、培养至出现阳性结果的时长、血液标本的获取方式,以及根据患者临床和流行病学评估判断的菌血症可能性。

如在血培养72小时后才首次观察到细菌生长,应怀疑为污染。也有例外情况,即真正感染菌生长延迟,包括某些苛养微生物[如艾肯菌属(Eikenella)、部分嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus)属、金氏菌属(Kingella)和心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)]和被血培养样本采集前抗菌治疗抑制的细菌。

12

常见血培养病原菌有哪些?

(1)常常为真正病原菌:金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、A组链球菌、肠杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、拟杆菌 及假丝酵母菌(Candida)。一旦血培养发现,应高度重视。

(2)较少为真正病原菌:痤疮丙酸杆菌[Cutibacterium(旧称Propionibacterium) acnes]、棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)属、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)属和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。

在难以区分具有临床意义还是仅为污染时,如果在不同静脉穿刺部位采集的多份血标本培养中观察到,则属于致病菌的可能性较高。此外,如在有人工心脏瓣膜或血管内装置者中检测出这些微生物,应考虑感染性心内膜炎。

13

减少血培养污染的措施有哪些?

加强无菌观念和无菌操作。务必小心操作,避免血培养基被血标本采集过程中皮肤正常菌群污染。

减少污染的措施包括

(1)静脉穿刺部位的有效消毒

在对静脉穿刺部位消毒前,应扎好止血带并触摸确定静脉位置。然后,用75%的酒精对静脉穿刺部位消毒,然后用2%的碘酊,待干,再抽取血样。如果皮肤消毒后需要进一步触摸静脉,应戴无菌手套。

去除培养瓶的盖帽后,应用酒精消毒瓶口的隔膜。理想情况下应先接种需氧培养瓶。静脉穿刺操作时应将抽取的血液直接注入培养瓶,而不是注入试管送至实验室后再转入培养瓶。用注射器和针头抽取血样并注入多个血培养瓶时,在不同瓶之间不得更换针头。

(2)不通过已有静脉置管采集血样

因为管口往往有皮肤正常菌群定植,会增加血培养假阳性的可能性。如果血培养标本是从静脉导管抽取的,应从外周静脉穿刺部位另采一份血样。

14

血培养周期较长,细菌室是如何将结果及时报告给临床的?

血培养结果对临床非常重要,而检测过程耗时好几天,为了让临床及时了解结果,细菌室采取采取三级报告制度进行反馈。三级报告制度一般是指直接涂片报告(当天),电话或口头及纸质的中级报告(送检次日),正式报告(终末报告)

参考文献:

1. 中华预防医学会医院感染控制分会。临床微生物标本采集和送检指南。中华医院感染学杂志,2018,28(20):3192

2. Remarks concerning testing parameters for blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis.2004 Jun 15;38(12):1724-30

3. UpToDate临床顾问

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    2021-05-06 乙娆

    一直以来知道有血培养,却不知道具体操作规程

    0

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    2020-10-10 ms2000001778797381

    学习

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    2020-10-10 124902dfm95暂无昵称

    受益匪浅,学习了

    0

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