Nature Communications:新发现!左右半脑不对称性变化速度或提示老年痴呆风险

2021-02-18 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

为此,在AD临床认知症状开始出现之前,皮层不对称性有望作为检测AD早期大脑变化的标志。

大脑为神经系统最高级部分,由左、右两个大脑半球组成,两半球间有横行的神经纤维相联系。每个半球包括:大脑皮层(大脑皮质):是表面的一层灰质(神经细胞的细胞体集中部分)。人的大脑表面有很多往下凹的沟(裂),沟(裂)之间有隆起的回,因而大大增加了大脑皮层的面积。

所有动物中,以人的大脑皮层最为发达,是思维的器官,主导机体内一切活动过程,并调节机体与周围环境的平衡,所以大脑皮层是高级神经活动,诸如记忆等高级认知功能所必需的物质基础。

有研究发现,大脑左右半球的皮层厚度并不相同,这种现象被称为“皮层不对称”,这主要与左右脑的功能略有不同有关,被认为有助于大脑发挥最佳功能。随着年龄的增长与时间的推移,大脑皮质逐渐变薄,皮质厚度的对称性也随之改变,因此大脑的功能随之下降。

与衰老类似,阿尔兹海默病(俗称老年痴呆,AD)与大脑组织结构进行性破坏有关。然而,至今尚缺乏有关大脑结构不对称组织网络对认知以及AD的影响。为此,来自挪威奥斯陆大学脑功能研究所的专家对大脑衰老过程中的组织对称性进行研究。结果发表在最新的Nature子刊《自然通讯》(Nature Communications)杂志上。

该研究小组从属于一个由大脑研究人员组成的国际联盟Lifebrain。研究人员利用来自5个健康老年人队列和1个痴呆队列的大型纵向数据集,旨在建立健康老年人皮质部队称变薄的轨迹,并评估老年痴呆患者的轨迹偏差。

结果共有包括AD在内的2600多名受试者进行了大脑扫描,研究人员对受试者大脑皮层所有区域的厚度进行了测量,并且在随访时间内对同一受试者会进行最多达6次的扫描,以观察一生中大脑结构域的变化。

结果表明,参与者在20岁左右时大脑皮层区域即表现出明显不对称。在衰老的过程中,20岁时表现为较厚的半球往往皮层变薄速度更快,表现出不对称性逐渐减弱。这种变化方式在不同队列中表现出高度一致性,并且不对称丢失的空间模式和时间动态性在验证队列中明显相似。

进一步分析显示,健康老年人皮质最薄的区域往往与AD患者表现出更多退化的区域重叠,这表明AD患者大脑皮质变薄的轨迹加速。同时,在健康衰老过程中不对称性最为明显的额叶和颞叶区域在AD患者中往往不对称速度更加快。

此外,研究还发现

 

综上,纵观人的一生,大脑皮质的不对称性在逐渐减弱甚至消失。尤其是AD患者变化尤其明显。为此,在AD临床认知症状开始出现之前,皮层不对称性有望作为检测AD早期大脑变化的标志。

 

参考文献:

Roe JM,et al. Asymmetric thinning of the cerebral cortex across the adult lifespan is accelerated in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun. 2021 Feb 1;12(1):721. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21057-y.

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    2021-02-19 junJUN

    老年人痴呆何药可用??

    0