cell stem cell:三亲胚胎或有技术漏洞

2016-05-29 Dieter Egli 《细胞—干细胞》

一种旨在防止母亲通过线粒体将有害基因传递给后代的基因治疗技术可能并不总是有效。 “一父两母”人工授精技术旨在避免线粒体遗传病,但诞生的婴儿拥有三个人的遗传物质。美国《细胞—干细胞》杂志日前发布的研究报告指出,这种技术存在一种潜在风险,可能无法避免线粒体遗传病。 线粒体是细胞产生能量的结构,是独立于细胞核的细胞器,它拥有自己的遗传物质,并且只通过母亲遗传。线粒体变异会导致肌肉无力、肠道功能紊乱或心脏



一种旨在防止母亲通过线粒体将有害基因传递给后代的基因治疗技术可能并不总是有效。

“一父两母”人工授精技术旨在避免线粒体遗传病,但诞生的婴儿拥有三个人的遗传物质。美国《细胞—干细胞》杂志日前发布的研究报告指出,这种技术存在一种潜在风险,可能无法避免线粒体遗传病。

线粒体是细胞产生能量的结构,是独立于细胞核的细胞器,它拥有自己的遗传物质,并且只通过母亲遗传。线粒体变异会导致肌肉无力、肠道功能紊乱或心脏病等遗传病。

线粒体替代疗法涉及到与一名健康的捐赠者交换有缺陷的线粒体。然而试验表明,即便只有少量的突变线粒体在转移后被保留下来——这是屡见不鲜的事情,它们也能够在胎儿细胞中战胜健康线粒体,从而可能导致疾病,而这正是此类治疗最初被设计用来避免的结果。

主持这项研究的美国纽约干细胞基金会研究所干细胞专家Dieter Egli表示:“以线粒体替代为目标的疗法遭遇了失败。”Egli认为,这一发现将能够指导克服这一障碍的努力,但他建议,这种疗法在此期间不宜继续使用。

英国政府去年批准线粒体替代疗法合法,尽管该国生育监管机构尚未对其在临床上的使用开绿灯。在美国,由国家科学院、工程和医学院召集的一个小组今年建议批准该技术的临床试验——如果临床前数据表明它是安全的。

每5000个孩子中有一人生下来便患有其线粒体脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)中有害遗传突变导致的疾病。儿童从他们的母亲那里继承了所有的线粒体。

为了防止携带有害线粒体突变的母亲将其传递给后代,该疗法将母亲卵子的核DNA转移到具有健康线粒体的另一个捐赠卵子(已经清空了自身的细胞核)之中。由此产生的胚胎会携带供体女性的线粒体基因以及胎儿父亲和母亲的核DNA。因此这些胚胎又被称为“三人胚胎”。

但Egli等人发现,在线粒体替代疗法中,少量有缺陷的线粒体DNA会搭细胞核的“便车”,被移植入捐赠卵子中,并有可能取代后者的健康线粒体DNA。

“我们发现了影响线粒体替代疗法安全性与有效性的一项挑战,”Egli在一份声明中写道,“我们希望这项成果能为人体线粒体替代疗法临床应用开展的时间及方式提供决策信息。”

在利用健康人类卵细胞开展的研究中,Egli与同事把从“原始”卵细胞中取出的细胞核,移植入另一个未受精的“捐赠”卵细胞,结果所得到的卵细胞中约一半含有少量来自“原始”卵细胞的线粒体DNA。

随着时间的推移,在绝大多数卵细胞中,移植的有缺陷线粒体DNA会消失不见。但也有少数细胞情况完全相反,所含线粒体DNA全部变成有缺陷线粒体的DNA。

对于这项发现,科学家的看法分为两类:一种是悲观看法,认为“一父两母”技术存在潜在风险,应审慎推进;另一种持乐观态度,认为这项试验说明线粒体替代疗法在绝大多数病例中都能达到期望结果。

然而Egli认为,他们发现的这一问题是能够克服的,例如通过改进技术减少线粒体遗留物的水平或匹配线粒体不太可能发生竞争的捐赠者。在这一切都得到解决之前,他主张谨慎行事。“我不认为与这种不确定性同时前进是一个明智的选择。”

对此,一名英国人类受精与胚胎管理局(HFEA)发言人表示,在批准可能是世界上第一个在人类中进行的线粒体替代疗法之前,该机构正在等待对线粒体置换的安全性和有效性的进一步试验结果。

原始出处

Mitsutoshi Yamada1, 6, Valentina Emmanuele2, 7, Maria J. Sanchez-Quintero2, Bruce Sun1, Gregory Lallos1, Daniel Paull1, Matthew Zimmer1, Shardonay Pagett1, Robert W. Prosser3, 4, Mark V. Sauer3, 4, Michio Hirano2, , Dieter Egli1.Genetic Drift Can Compromise Mitochondrial Replacement by Nuclear Transfer in Human Oocytes.cell stem cell.2016                                                                                                                            

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    2016-12-30 维他命
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    2016-05-31 ailian1202
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如今,加拿大与捷克的科学家们发现了一个惊人的现象:一种真核细胞可以在没有线粒体的情况下存活。这一发现彻底打破了我们以往对细胞的认识,换句话说,生命远比我们想象的要灵活得多。

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    最近,来自美国加州大学伯克利分校的研究人员在著名国际学术期刊Cell上发表了一项关于线粒体应激促进长寿的最新文章,在这项研究中他们发现线粒体应激能够诱导染色质发生重组,进而促进长寿。   一种生物体的健康状态依赖于对代谢的适应能力,以及能否协调能量需求与营养供应之间的关系。在早期发育阶段急性代谢应激会引起生物体上调一系列保护性基因表达应对应激,并终

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